Cellular Factors Targeting HIV-1 Transcriptionand Viral RNA Transcripts
Restriction factors are structurally and functionally diverse cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense against viral pathogens. Exceptions exist, but typically these proteins are upregulated by interferons (IFNs), target viral components, and are rapidly evolving due to the continuo...
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doaj-369adcc639bd4946b148a7fdd07359c42020-11-25T03:04:37ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152020-04-011249549510.3390/v12050495Cellular Factors Targeting HIV-1 Transcriptionand Viral RNA TranscriptsRayhane Nchioua0Matteo Bosso1Dorota Kmiec2Frank Kirchhoff3Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UKInstitute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, GermanyRestriction factors are structurally and functionally diverse cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense against viral pathogens. Exceptions exist, but typically these proteins are upregulated by interferons (IFNs), target viral components, and are rapidly evolving due to the continuous virus–host arms race. Restriction factors may target HIV replication at essentially each step of the retroviral replication cycle, and the suppression of viral transcription and the degradation of viral RNA transcripts are emerging as major innate immune defense mechanisms. Recent data show that some antiviral factors, such as the tripartite motif-containing protein 22 (TRIM22) and the g-IFN-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), do not target HIV-1 itself but limit the availability of the cellular transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which is critical for effective viral gene expression. In addition, several RNA-interacting cellular factors including RNAse L, the NEDD4-binding protein 1 (N4BP1), and the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) have been identified as important immune effectors against HIV-1 that may be involved in the maintenance of the latent viral reservoirs, representing the major obstacle against viral elimination and cure. Here, we review recent findings on specific cellular antiviral factors targeting HIV-1 transcription or viral RNA transcripts and discuss their potential role in viral latency.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/5/495HIVrestriction factorsZAP/KHNYNN4BP1Sp1RNAses |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Rayhane Nchioua Matteo Bosso Dorota Kmiec Frank Kirchhoff |
spellingShingle |
Rayhane Nchioua Matteo Bosso Dorota Kmiec Frank Kirchhoff Cellular Factors Targeting HIV-1 Transcriptionand Viral RNA Transcripts Viruses HIV restriction factors ZAP/KHNYN N4BP1 Sp1 RNAses |
author_facet |
Rayhane Nchioua Matteo Bosso Dorota Kmiec Frank Kirchhoff |
author_sort |
Rayhane Nchioua |
title |
Cellular Factors Targeting HIV-1 Transcriptionand Viral RNA Transcripts |
title_short |
Cellular Factors Targeting HIV-1 Transcriptionand Viral RNA Transcripts |
title_full |
Cellular Factors Targeting HIV-1 Transcriptionand Viral RNA Transcripts |
title_fullStr |
Cellular Factors Targeting HIV-1 Transcriptionand Viral RNA Transcripts |
title_full_unstemmed |
Cellular Factors Targeting HIV-1 Transcriptionand Viral RNA Transcripts |
title_sort |
cellular factors targeting hiv-1 transcriptionand viral rna transcripts |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Viruses |
issn |
1999-4915 |
publishDate |
2020-04-01 |
description |
Restriction factors are structurally and functionally diverse cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense against viral pathogens. Exceptions exist, but typically these proteins are upregulated by interferons (IFNs), target viral components, and are rapidly evolving due to the continuous virus–host arms race. Restriction factors may target HIV replication at essentially each step of the retroviral replication cycle, and the suppression of viral transcription and the degradation of viral RNA transcripts are emerging as major innate immune defense mechanisms. Recent data show that some antiviral factors, such as the tripartite motif-containing protein 22 (TRIM22) and the g-IFN-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), do not target HIV-1 itself but limit the availability of the cellular transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which is critical for effective viral gene expression. In addition, several RNA-interacting cellular factors including RNAse L, the NEDD4-binding protein 1 (N4BP1), and the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) have been identified as important immune effectors against HIV-1 that may be involved in the maintenance of the latent viral reservoirs, representing the major obstacle against viral elimination and cure. Here, we review recent findings on specific cellular antiviral factors targeting HIV-1 transcription or viral RNA transcripts and discuss their potential role in viral latency. |
topic |
HIV restriction factors ZAP/KHNYN N4BP1 Sp1 RNAses |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/5/495 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT rayhanenchioua cellularfactorstargetinghiv1transcriptionandviralrnatranscripts AT matteobosso cellularfactorstargetinghiv1transcriptionandviralrnatranscripts AT dorotakmiec cellularfactorstargetinghiv1transcriptionandviralrnatranscripts AT frankkirchhoff cellularfactorstargetinghiv1transcriptionandviralrnatranscripts |
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