Meteorological Factors Affecting Pan Evaporation in the Haihe River Basin, China
Pan evaporation (<i>E<sub>pan</sub></i>) is an important indicator of regional evaporation intensity and degree of drought. However, although more evaporation is expected under rising temperatures, the reverse trend has been observed in many parts of the world, known as the “...
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doaj-37050448d2604c828b5feeae0d08309d2020-11-24T23:47:28ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412019-02-0111231710.3390/w11020317w11020317Meteorological Factors Affecting Pan Evaporation in the Haihe River Basin, ChinaZhihong Yan0Shuqian Wang1Ding Ma2Bin Liu3Hong Lin4Su Li5School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, ChinaHebei Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050000, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, ChinaPan evaporation (<i>E<sub>pan</sub></i>) is an important indicator of regional evaporation intensity and degree of drought. However, although more evaporation is expected under rising temperatures, the reverse trend has been observed in many parts of the world, known as the “pan evaporation paradox”. In this paper, the Haihe River Basin (HRB) is divided into six sub-regions using the Canopy and <i>k</i>-means (The process for partitioning an <i>N</i>-dimensional population into <i>k</i> sets on the basis of a sample is called “<i>k</i>-means”) to cluster 44 meteorological stations in the area. The interannual and seasonal trends and the significance of eight meteorological indicators, including average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed, and <i>E<sub>pan</sub></i>, were analyzed for 1961 to 2010 using the trend-free pre-whitening Mann-Kendall (TFPW-MK) test. Then, the correlation between meteorological elements and <i>E<sub>pan</sub></i> was analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results show that the average temperature, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature of the HRB increased, while precipitation, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed and <i>E<sub>pan</sub></i> exhibited a downward trend. The minimum temperature rose 2 and 1.5 times faster than the maximum temperature and average temperature, respectively. A significant reduction in sunshine duration was found to be the primary factor in the <i>E<sub>pan</sub></i> decrease, while declining wind speed was the secondary factor.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/2/317evapotranspirationPan evaporationTFPW-MKHaihe River Basin |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Zhihong Yan Shuqian Wang Ding Ma Bin Liu Hong Lin Su Li |
spellingShingle |
Zhihong Yan Shuqian Wang Ding Ma Bin Liu Hong Lin Su Li Meteorological Factors Affecting Pan Evaporation in the Haihe River Basin, China Water evapotranspiration Pan evaporation TFPW-MK Haihe River Basin |
author_facet |
Zhihong Yan Shuqian Wang Ding Ma Bin Liu Hong Lin Su Li |
author_sort |
Zhihong Yan |
title |
Meteorological Factors Affecting Pan Evaporation in the Haihe River Basin, China |
title_short |
Meteorological Factors Affecting Pan Evaporation in the Haihe River Basin, China |
title_full |
Meteorological Factors Affecting Pan Evaporation in the Haihe River Basin, China |
title_fullStr |
Meteorological Factors Affecting Pan Evaporation in the Haihe River Basin, China |
title_full_unstemmed |
Meteorological Factors Affecting Pan Evaporation in the Haihe River Basin, China |
title_sort |
meteorological factors affecting pan evaporation in the haihe river basin, china |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2019-02-01 |
description |
Pan evaporation (<i>E<sub>pan</sub></i>) is an important indicator of regional evaporation intensity and degree of drought. However, although more evaporation is expected under rising temperatures, the reverse trend has been observed in many parts of the world, known as the “pan evaporation paradox”. In this paper, the Haihe River Basin (HRB) is divided into six sub-regions using the Canopy and <i>k</i>-means (The process for partitioning an <i>N</i>-dimensional population into <i>k</i> sets on the basis of a sample is called “<i>k</i>-means”) to cluster 44 meteorological stations in the area. The interannual and seasonal trends and the significance of eight meteorological indicators, including average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed, and <i>E<sub>pan</sub></i>, were analyzed for 1961 to 2010 using the trend-free pre-whitening Mann-Kendall (TFPW-MK) test. Then, the correlation between meteorological elements and <i>E<sub>pan</sub></i> was analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results show that the average temperature, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature of the HRB increased, while precipitation, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed and <i>E<sub>pan</sub></i> exhibited a downward trend. The minimum temperature rose 2 and 1.5 times faster than the maximum temperature and average temperature, respectively. A significant reduction in sunshine duration was found to be the primary factor in the <i>E<sub>pan</sub></i> decrease, while declining wind speed was the secondary factor. |
topic |
evapotranspiration Pan evaporation TFPW-MK Haihe River Basin |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/2/317 |
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