A Global Look at Time

• Main Authors: Anna Sircova, Fons J. R. van de Vijver, Evgeny Osin, Taciano L. Milfont, Nicolas Fieulaine, Altinay Kislali-Erginbilgic, Philip G. Zimbardo, Slimane Djarallah, Mohamed Seghir Chorfi, Umbelina do Rego Leite, Hui Lin, Houchao Lv, Tomislav Bunjevac, Tena Tomaš, Jasmina Punek, Anica Vrlec, Jelena Matić, Marko Bokulić, Martina Klicperová-Baker, Jaroslav Koštʹ ál, Riin Seema, Arno Baltin, Themistoklis Apostolidis, Daphne Pediaditakis, Fay Griva, Fotios Anagnostopoulos, Nurit Carmi, Marina Goroshit, Martina Peri, Yumi Shimojima, Koichi Sato, Keita Ochi, Antanas Kairys, Audrone Liniauskaite, Víctor Corral-Verdugo, Aneta Przepiorka, Agata Blachnio, Victor E. C. Ortuño, Vítor Gamboa, Olga Mitina, Nadezhda Semyenova, Valentina Gerasimova, Tatiana Rawski (Nepryakho), Ekaterina Kuleshova, Natalia Polskaya, Nikolaj Tulinov, Isabella Romanko, Yulia Semina, Ekaterina Nikitina, Vera Yasnaya, Irina Davydova, Elsa Utyasheva, Irina Emeliyanova, Regina Ershova, Jasmina Nedeljkovic, Juan Francisco Díaz Morales, Maria Grazia Carelli, Britt Wiberg, Ilona Boniwell, P. Alex Linley, John Nathan Boyd
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: SAGE Publishing 2014-01-01
• Series: SAGE Open
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013515686
• ISSN: 2158-2440

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries ( N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.