The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders—In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei
Most knowledge of spider venom concerns neurotoxins acting on ion channels, whereas proteins and their significance for the envenomation process are neglected. The here presented comprehensive analysis of the venom gland transcriptome and proteome of Cupiennius salei focusses on proteins and cystein...
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doaj-3c7f9029b8ee49d1a71b6de7a5052ecc2020-11-24T20:53:59ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512019-03-0111316710.3390/toxins11030167toxins11030167The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders—In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius saleiLucia Kuhn-Nentwig0Nicolas Langenegger1Manfred Heller2Dominique Koua3Wolfgang Nentwig4Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, SwitzerlandInstitute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, SwitzerlandProteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Bern, SwitzerlandInstitute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, SwitzerlandInstitute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, SwitzerlandMost knowledge of spider venom concerns neurotoxins acting on ion channels, whereas proteins and their significance for the envenomation process are neglected. The here presented comprehensive analysis of the venom gland transcriptome and proteome of Cupiennius salei focusses on proteins and cysteine-containing peptides and offers new insight into the structure and function of spider venom, here described as the dual prey-inactivation strategy. After venom injection, many enzymes and proteins, dominated by α-amylase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins, interact with main metabolic pathways, leading to a major disturbance of the cellular homeostasis. Hyaluronidase and cytolytic peptides destroy tissue and membranes, thus supporting the spread of other venom compounds. We detected 81 transcripts of neurotoxins from 13 peptide families, whereof two families comprise 93.7% of all cysteine-containing peptides. This raises the question of the importance of the other low-expressed peptide families. The identification of a venom gland-specific defensin-like peptide and an aga-toxin-like peptide in the hemocytes offers an important clue on the recruitment and neofunctionalization of body proteins and peptides as the origin of toxins.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/3/167in depth transcriptomicsproteomicsvenomenzymesneurotoxinsα-amylase |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig Nicolas Langenegger Manfred Heller Dominique Koua Wolfgang Nentwig |
spellingShingle |
Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig Nicolas Langenegger Manfred Heller Dominique Koua Wolfgang Nentwig The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders—In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei Toxins in depth transcriptomics proteomics venom enzymes neurotoxins α-amylase |
author_facet |
Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig Nicolas Langenegger Manfred Heller Dominique Koua Wolfgang Nentwig |
author_sort |
Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig |
title |
The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders—In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei |
title_short |
The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders—In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei |
title_full |
The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders—In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei |
title_fullStr |
The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders—In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders—In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei |
title_sort |
dual prey-inactivation strategy of spiders—in-depth venomic analysis of cupiennius salei |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Toxins |
issn |
2072-6651 |
publishDate |
2019-03-01 |
description |
Most knowledge of spider venom concerns neurotoxins acting on ion channels, whereas proteins and their significance for the envenomation process are neglected. The here presented comprehensive analysis of the venom gland transcriptome and proteome of Cupiennius salei focusses on proteins and cysteine-containing peptides and offers new insight into the structure and function of spider venom, here described as the dual prey-inactivation strategy. After venom injection, many enzymes and proteins, dominated by α-amylase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins, interact with main metabolic pathways, leading to a major disturbance of the cellular homeostasis. Hyaluronidase and cytolytic peptides destroy tissue and membranes, thus supporting the spread of other venom compounds. We detected 81 transcripts of neurotoxins from 13 peptide families, whereof two families comprise 93.7% of all cysteine-containing peptides. This raises the question of the importance of the other low-expressed peptide families. The identification of a venom gland-specific defensin-like peptide and an aga-toxin-like peptide in the hemocytes offers an important clue on the recruitment and neofunctionalization of body proteins and peptides as the origin of toxins. |
topic |
in depth transcriptomics proteomics venom enzymes neurotoxins α-amylase |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/3/167 |
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