<b>Production and application of porous membrane for removal of contaminants in treated water</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v34i4.10492

• Main Authors: Flávia Fernanda Mayumi Susuki, Rosângela Bergamasco, Célia Célia Regina Tavares, Thiago Baldasso
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Universidade Estadual de Maringá 2012-10-01
• Series: Acta Scientiarum: Technology
• Subjects: membrane production; water; contaminants
• Online Access: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciTechnol/article/view/10492

<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Aldine401 BT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Due</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">to</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">several</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">factors</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">caused</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">by</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">urban</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">industrial</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">growth</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">worldwide,</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">water</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">supply</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">problems</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">have</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">become</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">increasingly</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">complex,</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">with</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">difficult</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">costly</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">solutions.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">The</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">use</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">membrane</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">filters</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">is</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">one</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">newest</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">unit</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">operation</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">options</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">being</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">incorporated</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">into</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">water</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">sewage</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">treatment</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">process.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">This</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">work</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">involves</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">study</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">production</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">polymeric</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">asymmetric</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">porous</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">membrane</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">to</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">be</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">used</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">in</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">removal</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">possible</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">abiotic</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">or</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">biological</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">contaminants</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">remaining</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">after</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">post-treatment</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">drinking</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">water,</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">as</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">well</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">as</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">assessment</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">membrane</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">life</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">span.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">The</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">phase</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">inversion</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">process</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">was</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">used</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">to</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">produce</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">membrane,</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">using</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">polymer</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">solution</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">consisting</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">polyvinylidene</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">fluoride</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">(PVDF)</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">polymethyl</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">methacrylate</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">(PMMA),</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">NN-Dimethylformamide</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">as</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">solvent.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">KCl</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">salts</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">were</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">incorporated</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">as</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">additive,</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">polyester</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">polypropylene</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">sheet</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">was</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">used</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">as</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">support.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">The</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">membrane</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">was</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">tested</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">in</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">transverse</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">flow</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">module.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">The</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">tests</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">demonstrated</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">that</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">the</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">membrane</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">presented</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">an</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">effective</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">barrier</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">to</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">abiotic</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">contaminants,</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">with</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">an</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">average</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">flux</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">342</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">kg</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">h</span>^{<span style="font-size: xx-small;">-1</span>}</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">m</span>^{<span style="font-size: xx-small;">-2</span>}</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">life</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">span</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">of</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">48h,</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-