A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin from (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation Mechanisms
Carotenoids are natural compounds that have important roles in promoting and maintaining human health. Synthetic astaxanthin is a highly requested product by the aquaculture industry, but natural astaxanthin is not. Various strategies have been developed to synthesize this carotenoid. Nonetheless, t...
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doaj-416cd822bb254744937e8b52100926962020-11-24T21:16:04ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-04-01247138610.3390/molecules24071386molecules24071386A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin from (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation MechanismsEloy Rodríguez-deLeón0J. Oscar. C. Jiménez-Halla1José E. Báez2M. Moustapha Bah3Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, MexicoDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, MexicoDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, MexicoPosgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, MexicoCarotenoids are natural compounds that have important roles in promoting and maintaining human health. Synthetic astaxanthin is a highly requested product by the aquaculture industry, but natural astaxanthin is not. Various strategies have been developed to synthesize this carotenoid. Nonetheless, these approaches have not only provided limited global yields, but its main commercial source also carries several health risks for humans. In this contribution, the one-pot base-catalyzed reaction of (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-lutein (<b>1</b>) esters has resulted in a successful isomerization process to easily obtain up to 95% meso-zeaxanthin (<b>2</b>), which in turn is oxidized to (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-astaxanthin (<b>3</b>) with a global yield of 68%. The same oxidation performed with UV irradiation (365 nm) for 5 min provided the highest global yield (76%). These chemical transformations have also been achieved with a significant reduction of the health risks associated with its potential human consumption. Furthermore, this is the first time only one of the configurational isomers has been obtained semisynthetically. The poorly understood formation mechanisms of these two compounds were also investigated using Density-Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. These theoretical studies revealed that the isomerization involves a base-catalyzed deprotonation at C-6’, followed by C-4’ protonation, while the oxidation occurs via free radical mechanisms.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1386carotenoids<i>meso</i>-zeaxanthin(3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-astaxanthinpartial synthesisDFT calculationreaction mechanism |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Eloy Rodríguez-deLeón J. Oscar. C. Jiménez-Halla José E. Báez M. Moustapha Bah |
spellingShingle |
Eloy Rodríguez-deLeón J. Oscar. C. Jiménez-Halla José E. Báez M. Moustapha Bah A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin from (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation Mechanisms Molecules carotenoids <i>meso</i>-zeaxanthin (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-astaxanthin partial synthesis DFT calculation reaction mechanism |
author_facet |
Eloy Rodríguez-deLeón J. Oscar. C. Jiménez-Halla José E. Báez M. Moustapha Bah |
author_sort |
Eloy Rodríguez-deLeón |
title |
A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin from (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation Mechanisms |
title_short |
A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin from (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation Mechanisms |
title_full |
A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin from (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation Mechanisms |
title_fullStr |
A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin from (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation Mechanisms |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin from (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation Mechanisms |
title_sort |
simple and efficient method for the partial synthesis of pure (3<i>r</i>,3’<i>s</i>)-astaxanthin from (3<i>r</i>,3’<i>r</i>,6’<i>r</i>)-lutein and lutein esters via (3<i>r</i>,3’<i>s</i>)-zeaxanthin and theoretical study of their formation mechanisms |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2019-04-01 |
description |
Carotenoids are natural compounds that have important roles in promoting and maintaining human health. Synthetic astaxanthin is a highly requested product by the aquaculture industry, but natural astaxanthin is not. Various strategies have been developed to synthesize this carotenoid. Nonetheless, these approaches have not only provided limited global yields, but its main commercial source also carries several health risks for humans. In this contribution, the one-pot base-catalyzed reaction of (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>R</i>,6’<i>R</i>)-lutein (<b>1</b>) esters has resulted in a successful isomerization process to easily obtain up to 95% meso-zeaxanthin (<b>2</b>), which in turn is oxidized to (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-astaxanthin (<b>3</b>) with a global yield of 68%. The same oxidation performed with UV irradiation (365 nm) for 5 min provided the highest global yield (76%). These chemical transformations have also been achieved with a significant reduction of the health risks associated with its potential human consumption. Furthermore, this is the first time only one of the configurational isomers has been obtained semisynthetically. The poorly understood formation mechanisms of these two compounds were also investigated using Density-Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. These theoretical studies revealed that the isomerization involves a base-catalyzed deprotonation at C-6’, followed by C-4’ protonation, while the oxidation occurs via free radical mechanisms. |
topic |
carotenoids <i>meso</i>-zeaxanthin (3<i>R</i>,3’<i>S</i>)-astaxanthin partial synthesis DFT calculation reaction mechanism |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1386 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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