Effects of Agricultural Pesticides in Aquafeeds on Wild Fish Feeding on Leftover Pellets Near Fish Farms
Screening has revealed that modern-day feeds used in Atlantic salmon aquaculture might contain trace amounts of agricultural pesticides. To reach slaughter size, salmon are produced in open net pens in the sea. Uneaten feed pellets and undigested feces deposited beneath the net pens represent a sour...
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doaj-42298fe40ac34612a0e379f5a59a3c0a2020-11-24T21:50:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212019-09-011010.3389/fgene.2019.00794467682Effects of Agricultural Pesticides in Aquafeeds on Wild Fish Feeding on Leftover Pellets Near Fish FarmsPål A. Olsvik0Pål A. Olsvik1Anett Kristin Larsen2Anett Kristin Larsen3Marc H. G. Berntssen4Anders Goksøyr5Anders Goksøyr6Odd André Karlsen7Fekadu Yadetie8Monica Sanden9Torstein Kristensen10Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, NorwayFaculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, NorwayDepartment of Research and Development, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayDepartment of Medical Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayInstitute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, NorwayInstitute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayInstitute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, NorwayFaculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, NorwayScreening has revealed that modern-day feeds used in Atlantic salmon aquaculture might contain trace amounts of agricultural pesticides. To reach slaughter size, salmon are produced in open net pens in the sea. Uneaten feed pellets and undigested feces deposited beneath the net pens represent a source of contamination for marine organisms. To examine the impacts of long-term and continuous dietary exposure to an organophosphorus pesticide found in Atlantic salmon feed, we fed juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), an abundant species around North Atlantic fish farms, three concentrations (0.5, 4.2, and 23.2 mg/kg) of chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPM) for 30 days. Endpoints included liver and bile bioaccumulation, liver transcriptomics and metabolomics, as well as plasma cholinesterase activity, cortisol, liver 7-ethoxyresor-ufin-O-deethylase activity, and hypoxia tolerance. The results show that Atlantic cod can accumulate relatively high levels of CPM in liver after continuous exposure, which is then metabolized and excreted via the bile. All three exposure concentrations lead to significant inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity, the primary target of CPM. Transcriptomics profiling pointed to effects on cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis. Metabolite profiling revealed that CPM induced responses reflecting detoxification by glutathione-S-transferase, inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase, potential inhibition of carboxylesterase, and increased demand for ATP, followed by secondary inflammatory responses. A gradual hypoxia challenge test showed that all groups of exposed fish were less tolerant to low oxygen saturation than the controls. In conclusion, this study suggests that wild fish continuously feeding on leftover pellets near fish farms over time may be vulnerable to organophosphorus pesticides.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2019.00794/fullaquaculturefish feedinsecticideschlorpyrifos-methylwild fish exposuremetabolomics |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Pål A. Olsvik Pål A. Olsvik Anett Kristin Larsen Anett Kristin Larsen Marc H. G. Berntssen Anders Goksøyr Anders Goksøyr Odd André Karlsen Fekadu Yadetie Monica Sanden Torstein Kristensen |
spellingShingle |
Pål A. Olsvik Pål A. Olsvik Anett Kristin Larsen Anett Kristin Larsen Marc H. G. Berntssen Anders Goksøyr Anders Goksøyr Odd André Karlsen Fekadu Yadetie Monica Sanden Torstein Kristensen Effects of Agricultural Pesticides in Aquafeeds on Wild Fish Feeding on Leftover Pellets Near Fish Farms Frontiers in Genetics aquaculture fish feed insecticides chlorpyrifos-methyl wild fish exposure metabolomics |
author_facet |
Pål A. Olsvik Pål A. Olsvik Anett Kristin Larsen Anett Kristin Larsen Marc H. G. Berntssen Anders Goksøyr Anders Goksøyr Odd André Karlsen Fekadu Yadetie Monica Sanden Torstein Kristensen |
author_sort |
Pål A. Olsvik |
title |
Effects of Agricultural Pesticides in Aquafeeds on Wild Fish Feeding on Leftover Pellets Near Fish Farms |
title_short |
Effects of Agricultural Pesticides in Aquafeeds on Wild Fish Feeding on Leftover Pellets Near Fish Farms |
title_full |
Effects of Agricultural Pesticides in Aquafeeds on Wild Fish Feeding on Leftover Pellets Near Fish Farms |
title_fullStr |
Effects of Agricultural Pesticides in Aquafeeds on Wild Fish Feeding on Leftover Pellets Near Fish Farms |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of Agricultural Pesticides in Aquafeeds on Wild Fish Feeding on Leftover Pellets Near Fish Farms |
title_sort |
effects of agricultural pesticides in aquafeeds on wild fish feeding on leftover pellets near fish farms |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Genetics |
issn |
1664-8021 |
publishDate |
2019-09-01 |
description |
Screening has revealed that modern-day feeds used in Atlantic salmon aquaculture might contain trace amounts of agricultural pesticides. To reach slaughter size, salmon are produced in open net pens in the sea. Uneaten feed pellets and undigested feces deposited beneath the net pens represent a source of contamination for marine organisms. To examine the impacts of long-term and continuous dietary exposure to an organophosphorus pesticide found in Atlantic salmon feed, we fed juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), an abundant species around North Atlantic fish farms, three concentrations (0.5, 4.2, and 23.2 mg/kg) of chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPM) for 30 days. Endpoints included liver and bile bioaccumulation, liver transcriptomics and metabolomics, as well as plasma cholinesterase activity, cortisol, liver 7-ethoxyresor-ufin-O-deethylase activity, and hypoxia tolerance. The results show that Atlantic cod can accumulate relatively high levels of CPM in liver after continuous exposure, which is then metabolized and excreted via the bile. All three exposure concentrations lead to significant inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity, the primary target of CPM. Transcriptomics profiling pointed to effects on cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis. Metabolite profiling revealed that CPM induced responses reflecting detoxification by glutathione-S-transferase, inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase, potential inhibition of carboxylesterase, and increased demand for ATP, followed by secondary inflammatory responses. A gradual hypoxia challenge test showed that all groups of exposed fish were less tolerant to low oxygen saturation than the controls. In conclusion, this study suggests that wild fish continuously feeding on leftover pellets near fish farms over time may be vulnerable to organophosphorus pesticides. |
topic |
aquaculture fish feed insecticides chlorpyrifos-methyl wild fish exposure metabolomics |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2019.00794/full |
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