Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic fever during acute infection. Additionally, spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible, during which transmission of the virus may occur. In acute infect...
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doaj-43cc2184caa0454fa2db4adfdeab81872020-11-25T02:18:08ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152019-05-0111541010.3390/v11050410v11050410Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune EvasionMichelle L. Pleet0Catherine DeMarino1Spencer W. Stonier2John M. Dye3Steven Jacobson4M. Javad Aman5Fatah Kashanchi6Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USAEmergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USAVirology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USAViral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute for Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USAIntegrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20850, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USAEbola virus (EBOV) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic fever during acute infection. Additionally, spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible, during which transmission of the virus may occur. In acute infection, substantial cytokine storm and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis take place, resulting in uncontrolled, systemic inflammation in affected individuals. Recently, studies have demonstrated the presence of EBOV proteins VP40, glycoprotein (GP), and nucleoprotein (NP) packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) during infection. EVs containing EBOV proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis in recipient immune cells, as well as contain pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this manuscript, we review the current field of knowledge on EBOV EVs including the mechanisms of their biogenesis, their cargo and their effects in recipient cells. Furthermore, we discuss some of the effects that may be induced by EBOV EVs that have not yet been characterized and highlight the remaining questions and future directions.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/5/410Ebola virusexosomeextracellular vesiclesVP40NPGPcytokine |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Michelle L. Pleet Catherine DeMarino Spencer W. Stonier John M. Dye Steven Jacobson M. Javad Aman Fatah Kashanchi |
spellingShingle |
Michelle L. Pleet Catherine DeMarino Spencer W. Stonier John M. Dye Steven Jacobson M. Javad Aman Fatah Kashanchi Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion Viruses Ebola virus exosome extracellular vesicles VP40 NP GP cytokine |
author_facet |
Michelle L. Pleet Catherine DeMarino Spencer W. Stonier John M. Dye Steven Jacobson M. Javad Aman Fatah Kashanchi |
author_sort |
Michelle L. Pleet |
title |
Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion |
title_short |
Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion |
title_full |
Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion |
title_fullStr |
Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion |
title_full_unstemmed |
Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion |
title_sort |
extracellular vesicles and ebola virus: a new mechanism of immune evasion |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Viruses |
issn |
1999-4915 |
publishDate |
2019-05-01 |
description |
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic fever during acute infection. Additionally, spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible, during which transmission of the virus may occur. In acute infection, substantial cytokine storm and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis take place, resulting in uncontrolled, systemic inflammation in affected individuals. Recently, studies have demonstrated the presence of EBOV proteins VP40, glycoprotein (GP), and nucleoprotein (NP) packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) during infection. EVs containing EBOV proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis in recipient immune cells, as well as contain pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this manuscript, we review the current field of knowledge on EBOV EVs including the mechanisms of their biogenesis, their cargo and their effects in recipient cells. Furthermore, we discuss some of the effects that may be induced by EBOV EVs that have not yet been characterized and highlight the remaining questions and future directions. |
topic |
Ebola virus exosome extracellular vesicles VP40 NP GP cytokine |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/5/410 |
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