Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds
Biodiesel produced from non-edible plant sources is cost-effective, biodegradable, environment friendly, and compatible with petro-diesel, but new sources and extraction processes still need to be discovered. Here, we explored the fuel properties of seeds from six non-edible plant sources, including...
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doaj-4445679ee6b44bac9c9fd2224770e2c22021-05-31T23:43:44ZengMDPI AGProcesses2227-97172021-05-01984084010.3390/pr9050840Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants SeedsInam Ullah Khan0Hang Chen1Zhenhua Yan2Jun Chen3Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, ChinaDepartment of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TJUTCM), No.88, Yuquan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, ChinaKey Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, ChinaKey Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, ChinaBiodiesel produced from non-edible plant sources is cost-effective, biodegradable, environment friendly, and compatible with petro-diesel, but new sources and extraction processes still need to be discovered. Here, we explored the fuel properties of seeds from six non-edible plant sources, including <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> (Soapnut, SP), <i>Vernicia fordii</i> (Tung, TO), <i>Ricinus communis</i> (Castor, CA), <i>Toona sinensis</i> (Juss. TS), <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> (Heaven tree, AA), and <i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L. (Lin seed, LS) from China. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained by optimizing the most important variables (reaction temperature, ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, catalyst, mixing intensity, and purity of reactants) that influence the transesterification reaction of the biodiesel. All six plants contained high seed oil content (SOC; % <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) with the highest in the TO-54.4% followed by SP-51%, CA-48%, LS-45%, AA-38%, and TS-35%, respectively, and all expressed satisfactory physico-chemical properties as per international standards of ASTM D6751 and EN14214. Our data provide a scientific basis for growing these plants in unproductive agricultural lands as an alternative energy sources for biodiesel production either standalone or blended with petro-diesel.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/5/840<i>Sapindus mukorossi</i><i>Verniciafordii</i>biodieselnon-edible plant sourcestransesterification reaction |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Inam Ullah Khan Hang Chen Zhenhua Yan Jun Chen |
spellingShingle |
Inam Ullah Khan Hang Chen Zhenhua Yan Jun Chen Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds Processes <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> <i>Verniciafordii</i> biodiesel non-edible plant sources transesterification reaction |
author_facet |
Inam Ullah Khan Hang Chen Zhenhua Yan Jun Chen |
author_sort |
Inam Ullah Khan |
title |
Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds |
title_short |
Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds |
title_full |
Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds |
title_fullStr |
Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds |
title_full_unstemmed |
Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds |
title_sort |
extraction and quality evaluation of biodiesel from six familiar non-edible plants seeds |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Processes |
issn |
2227-9717 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
Biodiesel produced from non-edible plant sources is cost-effective, biodegradable, environment friendly, and compatible with petro-diesel, but new sources and extraction processes still need to be discovered. Here, we explored the fuel properties of seeds from six non-edible plant sources, including <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> (Soapnut, SP), <i>Vernicia fordii</i> (Tung, TO), <i>Ricinus communis</i> (Castor, CA), <i>Toona sinensis</i> (Juss. TS), <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> (Heaven tree, AA), and <i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L. (Lin seed, LS) from China. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained by optimizing the most important variables (reaction temperature, ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, catalyst, mixing intensity, and purity of reactants) that influence the transesterification reaction of the biodiesel. All six plants contained high seed oil content (SOC; % <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) with the highest in the TO-54.4% followed by SP-51%, CA-48%, LS-45%, AA-38%, and TS-35%, respectively, and all expressed satisfactory physico-chemical properties as per international standards of ASTM D6751 and EN14214. Our data provide a scientific basis for growing these plants in unproductive agricultural lands as an alternative energy sources for biodiesel production either standalone or blended with petro-diesel. |
topic |
<i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> <i>Verniciafordii</i> biodiesel non-edible plant sources transesterification reaction |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/5/840 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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