Potential Novel Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Toxocara canis Infection Increases Tumor Size Due to Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment
Worldwide, breast cancer is the most important type of cancer in women with regard to incidence and prevalence. Several risk factors interact to increase the probability of breast cancer development. Biological environmental contaminants such as infectious agents play a significant role in tumor dev...
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doaj-451f8e0efc1949d6a63f881abf5d64192020-11-25T03:26:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oncology2234-943X2020-05-011010.3389/fonc.2020.00736520261Potential Novel Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Toxocara canis Infection Increases Tumor Size Due to Modulation of the Tumor Immune MicroenvironmentRocío Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano0Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola1Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes2Víctor Hugo Del Río-Araiza3Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro4Pedro Ostoa-Saloma5Samira Muñoz-Cruz6Jorge Morales-Montor7Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, MexicoDepartamento de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, MexicoDepartamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, MexicoLaboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular de Parásitos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, MexicoDepartamento de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, MexicoDepartamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, MexicoDepartamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, MexicoWorldwide, breast cancer is the most important type of cancer in women with regard to incidence and prevalence. Several risk factors interact to increase the probability of breast cancer development. Biological environmental contaminants such as infectious agents play a significant role in tumor development, and helminths have been recognized as cancer enhancers or inducers due to their ability to regulate the host immune response. Toxocara canis is a zoonotic and cosmopolite nematode with immuno-regulatory abilities. T. canis infection has been related to T helper type-2 cell (Th2 or type 2) and regulatory responses. Type 2 and regulatory immune responses may favor the development of comorbidities that are usually controlled or eliminated through a type 1 response such as cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether T. canis infection alters mammary tumor growth through modulation of the immune response. Infected mice developed larger tumors. Tumor immune cell milieu analysis revealed that infection reduced the proportions of CD8+ lymphocytes and increased the proportions of F4/80+ macrophages and CD19+ B cells. These changes were accompanied by a type 2 local response represented by increased amounts of IL-4 and VEGF and a regulatory microenvironment associated with higher IL-10 levels. Thus, this study demonstrates that T. canis infection enhances tumor development and suggests that this is through modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fonc.2020.00736/fulloncoimmunologyimmune regulationtumor microenvironmentbreast cancerrisk factorinfection |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Rocío Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes Víctor Hugo Del Río-Araiza Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro Pedro Ostoa-Saloma Samira Muñoz-Cruz Jorge Morales-Montor |
spellingShingle |
Rocío Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes Víctor Hugo Del Río-Araiza Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro Pedro Ostoa-Saloma Samira Muñoz-Cruz Jorge Morales-Montor Potential Novel Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Toxocara canis Infection Increases Tumor Size Due to Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment Frontiers in Oncology oncoimmunology immune regulation tumor microenvironment breast cancer risk factor infection |
author_facet |
Rocío Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes Víctor Hugo Del Río-Araiza Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro Pedro Ostoa-Saloma Samira Muñoz-Cruz Jorge Morales-Montor |
author_sort |
Rocío Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano |
title |
Potential Novel Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Toxocara canis Infection Increases Tumor Size Due to Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment |
title_short |
Potential Novel Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Toxocara canis Infection Increases Tumor Size Due to Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment |
title_full |
Potential Novel Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Toxocara canis Infection Increases Tumor Size Due to Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment |
title_fullStr |
Potential Novel Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Toxocara canis Infection Increases Tumor Size Due to Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment |
title_full_unstemmed |
Potential Novel Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Toxocara canis Infection Increases Tumor Size Due to Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment |
title_sort |
potential novel risk factor for breast cancer: toxocara canis infection increases tumor size due to modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Oncology |
issn |
2234-943X |
publishDate |
2020-05-01 |
description |
Worldwide, breast cancer is the most important type of cancer in women with regard to incidence and prevalence. Several risk factors interact to increase the probability of breast cancer development. Biological environmental contaminants such as infectious agents play a significant role in tumor development, and helminths have been recognized as cancer enhancers or inducers due to their ability to regulate the host immune response. Toxocara canis is a zoonotic and cosmopolite nematode with immuno-regulatory abilities. T. canis infection has been related to T helper type-2 cell (Th2 or type 2) and regulatory responses. Type 2 and regulatory immune responses may favor the development of comorbidities that are usually controlled or eliminated through a type 1 response such as cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether T. canis infection alters mammary tumor growth through modulation of the immune response. Infected mice developed larger tumors. Tumor immune cell milieu analysis revealed that infection reduced the proportions of CD8+ lymphocytes and increased the proportions of F4/80+ macrophages and CD19+ B cells. These changes were accompanied by a type 2 local response represented by increased amounts of IL-4 and VEGF and a regulatory microenvironment associated with higher IL-10 levels. Thus, this study demonstrates that T. canis infection enhances tumor development and suggests that this is through modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment. |
topic |
oncoimmunology immune regulation tumor microenvironment breast cancer risk factor infection |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fonc.2020.00736/full |
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