Association between Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study
Non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> (NTS) is one of the less focused on infections and is often associated with faulty child nutrition in the developing world. This study aimed to evaluate the association of NTS infection with growth faltering among children under the age of five. We analyze...
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doaj-46e2ec0b42254461b0185e72a6dfd4692021-01-29T00:00:26ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-01-011339239210.3390/nu13020392Association between Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter StudyRina Das0Md. Ahshanul Haque1Mohammod Jobayer Chisti2Abu Sayed Golam Faruque3Tahmeed Ahmed4Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshNutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshNutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshNutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshNutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshNon-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> (NTS) is one of the less focused on infections and is often associated with faulty child nutrition in the developing world. This study aimed to evaluate the association of NTS infection with growth faltering among children under the age of five. We analyzed data from 378 fecal NTS positive children with both moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and asymptomatic infection from the seven countries of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa during enrolment and on day 60 follow up in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) for the period of December 2007 to March 2011. Children not associated with fecal NTS (<i>n</i> = 1134) were randomly selected from the same dataset (1:3 ratio) as a comparison group. The association between an explanatory variable and the outcome variable was longitudinally tested using generalized estimating equations (GEE), where the dependent variables were height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) z-score, and the independent variable was the presence of fecal NTS. The GEE multivariable model identified a negative association between fecal NTS and WAZ (coefficient: −0.19; 95% CI (confidence interval): −0.33, −0.04, and <i>p</i> value = 0.010), WHZ (coef: −0.19; 95% CI: −0.34, −0.05, and <i>p</i> value = 0.007), and HAZ (coef: −0.13; 95% CI: −0.27, −0.01, and <i>p</i> value = 0.073) after adjusting for age, gender, diarrhea, breastfeeding status, mothers’ education, number of children under the age of five, household size by the number of people regularly sleep at the home, handwashing practice, source of drinking water, wealth index, presence of co-pathogens, comorbidity, and study sites. In the GEMS, where children were followed during 50–90 days of enrolment, the presence of fecal NTS harmed the child’s anthropometric outcomes. Minimizing potential exposure to NTS is needed to curb worsening child undernutrition.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/2/392non- typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i>GEMSunder 5 childrenz-scoreundernutritiondiarrhoea |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Rina Das Md. Ahshanul Haque Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Abu Sayed Golam Faruque Tahmeed Ahmed |
spellingShingle |
Rina Das Md. Ahshanul Haque Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Abu Sayed Golam Faruque Tahmeed Ahmed Association between Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study Nutrients non- typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> GEMS under 5 children z-score undernutrition diarrhoea |
author_facet |
Rina Das Md. Ahshanul Haque Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Abu Sayed Golam Faruque Tahmeed Ahmed |
author_sort |
Rina Das |
title |
Association between Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study |
title_short |
Association between Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study |
title_full |
Association between Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study |
title_fullStr |
Association between Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Association between Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study |
title_sort |
association between non-typhoidal salmonella infection and growth in children under 5 years of age: analyzing data from the global enteric multicenter study |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nutrients |
issn |
2072-6643 |
publishDate |
2021-01-01 |
description |
Non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> (NTS) is one of the less focused on infections and is often associated with faulty child nutrition in the developing world. This study aimed to evaluate the association of NTS infection with growth faltering among children under the age of five. We analyzed data from 378 fecal NTS positive children with both moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and asymptomatic infection from the seven countries of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa during enrolment and on day 60 follow up in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) for the period of December 2007 to March 2011. Children not associated with fecal NTS (<i>n</i> = 1134) were randomly selected from the same dataset (1:3 ratio) as a comparison group. The association between an explanatory variable and the outcome variable was longitudinally tested using generalized estimating equations (GEE), where the dependent variables were height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) z-score, and the independent variable was the presence of fecal NTS. The GEE multivariable model identified a negative association between fecal NTS and WAZ (coefficient: −0.19; 95% CI (confidence interval): −0.33, −0.04, and <i>p</i> value = 0.010), WHZ (coef: −0.19; 95% CI: −0.34, −0.05, and <i>p</i> value = 0.007), and HAZ (coef: −0.13; 95% CI: −0.27, −0.01, and <i>p</i> value = 0.073) after adjusting for age, gender, diarrhea, breastfeeding status, mothers’ education, number of children under the age of five, household size by the number of people regularly sleep at the home, handwashing practice, source of drinking water, wealth index, presence of co-pathogens, comorbidity, and study sites. In the GEMS, where children were followed during 50–90 days of enrolment, the presence of fecal NTS harmed the child’s anthropometric outcomes. Minimizing potential exposure to NTS is needed to curb worsening child undernutrition. |
topic |
non- typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> GEMS under 5 children z-score undernutrition diarrhoea |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/2/392 |
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