Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ Diaspora
Halophytes are the category of plants growing under harsh conditions of super-salinity, and are wide-spread in the coastal Mediterranean climatic conditions and desert oasis. They are adept at surviving through maintaining excessive production of enzymatic, and non-enzymatic secondary metabolites, e...
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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Article |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Mohsen S. Al-Omar Hamdoon A. Mohammed Salman A. A. Mohammed Essam Abd-Elmoniem Yasser I. Kandil Hussein M. Eldeeb Sridevi Chigurupati Ghassan M. Sulaiman Hadeel K. Al-Khurayyif Basma S. Almansour M. S. Prarthana Riaz A. Khan |
spellingShingle |
Mohsen S. Al-Omar Hamdoon A. Mohammed Salman A. A. Mohammed Essam Abd-Elmoniem Yasser I. Kandil Hussein M. Eldeeb Sridevi Chigurupati Ghassan M. Sulaiman Hadeel K. Al-Khurayyif Basma S. Almansour M. S. Prarthana Riaz A. Khan Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ Diaspora Molecules total phenolics flavonoids phenols trace elements anti-oxidant anti-microbial |
author_facet |
Mohsen S. Al-Omar Hamdoon A. Mohammed Salman A. A. Mohammed Essam Abd-Elmoniem Yasser I. Kandil Hussein M. Eldeeb Sridevi Chigurupati Ghassan M. Sulaiman Hadeel K. Al-Khurayyif Basma S. Almansour M. S. Prarthana Riaz A. Khan |
author_sort |
Mohsen S. Al-Omar |
title |
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ Diaspora |
title_short |
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ Diaspora |
title_full |
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ Diaspora |
title_fullStr |
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ Diaspora |
title_full_unstemmed |
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ Diaspora |
title_sort |
anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and α-amylase inhibitory activity of traditionally-used medicinal herbs: a comparative analyses of pharmacology, and phytoconstituents of regional halophytic plants’ diaspora |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2020-11-01 |
description |
Halophytes are the category of plants growing under harsh conditions of super-salinity, and are wide-spread in the coastal Mediterranean climatic conditions and desert oasis. They are adept at surviving through maintaining excessive production of enzymatic, and non-enzymatic secondary metabolites, especially phenolics and flavonoids that primarily work as anti-oxidants and phytoalexins. Five major halophyte species growing in the kingdom’s Qassim’s high-salted desert regions were investigated for confirming their traditionally used biological activity of sugar-control and anti-infectious properties. In this context, the comparative presence of phenolics, and flavonoids together with anti-microbial, anti-oxidants, and the anti-diabetic potentials of the plants’ extracts were investigated through the α-amylase inhibition method. The highest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in <i>Salsola imbricata</i> (360 mg/g of the extract as Gallic-Acid-Equivalents/GAE, and 70.5 mg/g of the extract as Rutin-Equivalents/RE). In contrast, the lowest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in <i>Salsola cyclophylla</i> (126.6 mg/g GAE, and 20.5 mg/g RE). The halophytes were found rich in trace elements, a factor for water-retention in high-salinity plants, wherein iron and zinc elements were found comparatively in higher concentrations in <i>Aeluropus lagopoides</i> (4113 µg/kg, and 40.1 µg/kg, respectively), while the copper was detected in higher concentration (11.1 µg/kg) in <i>S. imbricata</i>, analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES) analysis. The anti-oxidant potentials and α-amylase enzyme inhibition-based anti-diabetic activity of <i>S. imbricata</i> was significantly higher than the other halophytes under study, wherein <i>S. cyclophylla</i> exhibited the lowest level of α-amylase inhibition. The maximum DPPH radicals’ (52.47 mg/mL), and α-amylase inhibitions (IC<sub>50</sub> 22.98 µg/mL) were detected in <i>A.</i><i>lagopoides</i>. The anti-microbial activity against the Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was strongly exhibited by <i>Zygophyllum simplex</i> (33 mm Inhibition Zone-Diameter, 50 µg/mL Minimum-Inhibitory-Concentration), while <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i> growths were moderately inhibited by <i>Tamarix aphylla</i>. The current findings exhibited significant differences among the locally distributed halophytic plants species with regards to their bioactivity levels, anti-oxidant potentials, and the presence of trace elements. The ongoing data corroborated the plants’ traditional uses in infections and diabetic conditions. The enhanced local distribution of the plants’ diaspora and higher density of occurrence of these plants species in this region, in comparison to their normal climatic condition’s counterparts, seemed to be affected by humans’ use of the species as part of the traditional and alternative medicine over a period of long time. |
topic |
total phenolics flavonoids phenols trace elements anti-oxidant anti-microbial |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5457 |
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doaj-484920dc13eb4006ad1df339a0cabb042020-11-25T04:01:02ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-11-01255457545710.3390/molecules25225457Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ DiasporaMohsen S. Al-Omar0Hamdoon A. Mohammed1Salman A. A. Mohammed2Essam Abd-Elmoniem3Yasser I. Kandil4Hussein M. Eldeeb5Sridevi Chigurupati6Ghassan M. Sulaiman7Hadeel K. Al-Khurayyif8Basma S. Almansour9M. S. Prarthana10Riaz A. Khan11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaPharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, JordanDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDivision of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 35010, IraqPharm D Student, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaHalophytes are the category of plants growing under harsh conditions of super-salinity, and are wide-spread in the coastal Mediterranean climatic conditions and desert oasis. They are adept at surviving through maintaining excessive production of enzymatic, and non-enzymatic secondary metabolites, especially phenolics and flavonoids that primarily work as anti-oxidants and phytoalexins. Five major halophyte species growing in the kingdom’s Qassim’s high-salted desert regions were investigated for confirming their traditionally used biological activity of sugar-control and anti-infectious properties. In this context, the comparative presence of phenolics, and flavonoids together with anti-microbial, anti-oxidants, and the anti-diabetic potentials of the plants’ extracts were investigated through the α-amylase inhibition method. The highest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in <i>Salsola imbricata</i> (360 mg/g of the extract as Gallic-Acid-Equivalents/GAE, and 70.5 mg/g of the extract as Rutin-Equivalents/RE). In contrast, the lowest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in <i>Salsola cyclophylla</i> (126.6 mg/g GAE, and 20.5 mg/g RE). The halophytes were found rich in trace elements, a factor for water-retention in high-salinity plants, wherein iron and zinc elements were found comparatively in higher concentrations in <i>Aeluropus lagopoides</i> (4113 µg/kg, and 40.1 µg/kg, respectively), while the copper was detected in higher concentration (11.1 µg/kg) in <i>S. imbricata</i>, analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES) analysis. The anti-oxidant potentials and α-amylase enzyme inhibition-based anti-diabetic activity of <i>S. imbricata</i> was significantly higher than the other halophytes under study, wherein <i>S. cyclophylla</i> exhibited the lowest level of α-amylase inhibition. The maximum DPPH radicals’ (52.47 mg/mL), and α-amylase inhibitions (IC<sub>50</sub> 22.98 µg/mL) were detected in <i>A.</i><i>lagopoides</i>. The anti-microbial activity against the Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was strongly exhibited by <i>Zygophyllum simplex</i> (33 mm Inhibition Zone-Diameter, 50 µg/mL Minimum-Inhibitory-Concentration), while <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i> growths were moderately inhibited by <i>Tamarix aphylla</i>. The current findings exhibited significant differences among the locally distributed halophytic plants species with regards to their bioactivity levels, anti-oxidant potentials, and the presence of trace elements. The ongoing data corroborated the plants’ traditional uses in infections and diabetic conditions. The enhanced local distribution of the plants’ diaspora and higher density of occurrence of these plants species in this region, in comparison to their normal climatic condition’s counterparts, seemed to be affected by humans’ use of the species as part of the traditional and alternative medicine over a period of long time.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5457total phenolicsflavonoidsphenolstrace elementsanti-oxidantanti-microbial |