Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans

(1) <i>Background</i>: Influenza and pneumonia (IP) is a leading cause of death in the US. The hypothesis was tested that the mortality rate differential between Hispanic whites (HW) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) from IP varied by geographic region in the US. (2) <i>Methods</i&g...

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Main Authors: Annika Diaz-Campbell, Mahbubur Sumon, Alem Mehari, Mackenzie B. Snead, Rafael Ramirez, Elizabeth Arend, Richard F. Gillum
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-05-01
Series:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4917
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spelling doaj-491cc01a37ea42eca509e7ae03382d7d2021-05-31T23:14:24ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1661-78271660-46012021-05-01184917491710.3390/ijerph18094917Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic AmericansAnnika Diaz-Campbell0Mahbubur Sumon1Alem Mehari2Mackenzie B. Snead3Rafael Ramirez4Elizabeth Arend5Richard F. Gillum6Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USADivision of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC 20060, USADepartment of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USAHoward University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USAPrimary Care Coalition of Montgomery County, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USAPrimary Care Coalition of Montgomery County, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USADepartment of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA(1) <i>Background</i>: Influenza and pneumonia (IP) is a leading cause of death in the US. The hypothesis was tested that the mortality rate differential between Hispanic whites (HW) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) from IP varied by geographic region in the US. (2) <i>Methods</i>: The CDC database for multiple causes of death between 1999–2018 was used for this study. For ages 25–84, age-adjusted mortality rates per 100,000 (AAMR) for IP were computed by Hispanic ethnicity in whites for 10 Health & Human Services (HHS) regions and for urbanization levels in HHS Region 2. (3) <i>Results</i>: AAMR for IP was 13.76 (13.62–13.9) in HW and 14.91 (14.86–14.95) in NHW (rate ratio 1.08). Among HHS regions, rates were generally lower in HW than in NHW with the major exception of HHS Region 2. The rate there was 21.78 (21.24–22.33) in HW, 36.5% greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05) than that in NHW of 15.71 (15.56–15.86). In large central metro areas of Region 2, the rate was 27.10 (26.36–27.83) in HW compared to 19.78 (19.47–20.09) in NHW. (4) <i>Conclusion</i>: The difference in AAMR from IP between HW and NHW varied by region and urbanization with much higher rates for HW than NHW only in metropolitan areas of New York and New Jersey.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4917influenzapneumoniamortalityHispanicgeographyurbanization
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Annika Diaz-Campbell
Mahbubur Sumon
Alem Mehari
Mackenzie B. Snead
Rafael Ramirez
Elizabeth Arend
Richard F. Gillum
spellingShingle Annika Diaz-Campbell
Mahbubur Sumon
Alem Mehari
Mackenzie B. Snead
Rafael Ramirez
Elizabeth Arend
Richard F. Gillum
Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
influenza
pneumonia
mortality
Hispanic
geography
urbanization
author_facet Annika Diaz-Campbell
Mahbubur Sumon
Alem Mehari
Mackenzie B. Snead
Rafael Ramirez
Elizabeth Arend
Richard F. Gillum
author_sort Annika Diaz-Campbell
title Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans
title_short Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans
title_full Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans
title_fullStr Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans
title_full_unstemmed Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans
title_sort geographic heterogeneity in influenza and pneumonia mortality in hispanic americans
publisher MDPI AG
series International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
issn 1661-7827
1660-4601
publishDate 2021-05-01
description (1) <i>Background</i>: Influenza and pneumonia (IP) is a leading cause of death in the US. The hypothesis was tested that the mortality rate differential between Hispanic whites (HW) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) from IP varied by geographic region in the US. (2) <i>Methods</i>: The CDC database for multiple causes of death between 1999–2018 was used for this study. For ages 25–84, age-adjusted mortality rates per 100,000 (AAMR) for IP were computed by Hispanic ethnicity in whites for 10 Health & Human Services (HHS) regions and for urbanization levels in HHS Region 2. (3) <i>Results</i>: AAMR for IP was 13.76 (13.62–13.9) in HW and 14.91 (14.86–14.95) in NHW (rate ratio 1.08). Among HHS regions, rates were generally lower in HW than in NHW with the major exception of HHS Region 2. The rate there was 21.78 (21.24–22.33) in HW, 36.5% greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05) than that in NHW of 15.71 (15.56–15.86). In large central metro areas of Region 2, the rate was 27.10 (26.36–27.83) in HW compared to 19.78 (19.47–20.09) in NHW. (4) <i>Conclusion</i>: The difference in AAMR from IP between HW and NHW varied by region and urbanization with much higher rates for HW than NHW only in metropolitan areas of New York and New Jersey.
topic influenza
pneumonia
mortality
Hispanic
geography
urbanization
url https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4917
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