Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond
An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produc...
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doaj-49ef6870241e42dd94bdfc3e9b04d0642020-11-25T01:14:52ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442020-02-0113380110.3390/ma13030801ma13030801Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and BeyondFrançois Larouche0Farouk Tedjar1Kamyab Amouzegar2Georges Houlachi3Patrick Bouchard4George P. Demopoulos5Karim Zaghib6Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet Blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, CanadaEnergy Research Institute, NTU, 1 Cleantech loop, Singapore 634672, SingaporeCenter of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet Blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, CanadaCentre de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec (CRHQ), 600, avenue de la Montagne, Shawinigan, QC G9N 7N5, CanadaCenter of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet Blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, CanadaMining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, CanadaCenter of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet Blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, CanadaAn exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/801recyclingli-ion batteryprocess reviewhydrometallurgydirect recycling |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
François Larouche Farouk Tedjar Kamyab Amouzegar Georges Houlachi Patrick Bouchard George P. Demopoulos Karim Zaghib |
spellingShingle |
François Larouche Farouk Tedjar Kamyab Amouzegar Georges Houlachi Patrick Bouchard George P. Demopoulos Karim Zaghib Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond Materials recycling li-ion battery process review hydrometallurgy direct recycling |
author_facet |
François Larouche Farouk Tedjar Kamyab Amouzegar Georges Houlachi Patrick Bouchard George P. Demopoulos Karim Zaghib |
author_sort |
François Larouche |
title |
Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond |
title_short |
Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond |
title_full |
Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond |
title_fullStr |
Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond |
title_full_unstemmed |
Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond |
title_sort |
progress and status of hydrometallurgical and direct recycling of li-ion batteries and beyond |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Materials |
issn |
1996-1944 |
publishDate |
2020-02-01 |
description |
An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches. |
topic |
recycling li-ion battery process review hydrometallurgy direct recycling |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/801 |
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