Are Orienteers Protected Enough Against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites Through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition
Mass-participation events in temperate forests are now well-established features of outdoor activities and represent high-risk activities regarding human exposition to tick bites. In this study we used a citizen science approach to quantify the space–time frequency of tick bites and undetected tick...
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doaj-4a77f85d4c8a4570bcb97cfa34e361d42021-03-19T00:07:00ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1661-78271660-46012021-03-01183161316110.3390/ijerph18063161Are Orienteers Protected Enough Against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites Through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering CompetitionJonas Durand0Laure Bournez1Julien Marchand2Claire Schmid3Irene Carravieri4Béatrice Palin5Cyril Galley6Vincent Godard7Annick Brun-Jacob8Jean-François Cosson9Pascale Frey-Klett10Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Tous Chercheurs Laboratory, UMR 1136 ‘Interactions Arbres Micro-Organismes’, INRAE—Lorraine University, F-54280 Champenoux, FranceNancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), F-54220 Malzéville, FranceCPIE Champenoux, F-54280 Champenoux, FranceNancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), F-54220 Malzéville, FranceCentre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Tous Chercheurs Laboratory, UMR 1136 ‘Interactions Arbres Micro-Organismes’, INRAE—Lorraine University, F-54280 Champenoux, FranceCentre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Tous Chercheurs Laboratory, UMR 1136 ‘Interactions Arbres Micro-Organismes’, INRAE—Lorraine University, F-54280 Champenoux, FranceCPIE Champenoux, F-54280 Champenoux, FranceDepartment of Geography, Université Paris 8, UMR LADYSS CNRS, F-93200 Saint-Denis, FranceCentre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Tous Chercheurs Laboratory, UMR 1136 ‘Interactions Arbres Micro-Organismes’, INRAE—Lorraine University, F-54280 Champenoux, FranceUMR BIPAR, INRAE, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, FranceCentre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, US 1371 Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRAE, F-54280 Champenoux, FranceMass-participation events in temperate forests are now well-established features of outdoor activities and represent high-risk activities regarding human exposition to tick bites. In this study we used a citizen science approach to quantify the space–time frequency of tick bites and undetected tick bites among orienteers that participated in a 6-day orienteering competition that took place in July 2018 in the forests of Eastern France, and we looked at the use and efficacy of different preventive behaviors. Our study confirms that orienteers are a high-risk population for tick bites, with 62.4% of orienteers bitten at least once during the competition, and 2.4 to 12.1 orienteers per 100 orienteers were bitten by ticks when walking 1 km. In addition, 16.7% of orienteers bitten by ticks had engorged ticks, meaning that they did not detect and remove their ticks immediately after the run. Further, only 8.5% of orienteers systematically used a repellent, and the use of repellent only partially reduced the probability of being bitten by ticks. These results represent the first attempt to quantify the risk of not immediately detecting a tick bite and provide rare quantitative data on the frequency of tick bites for orienteers according to walking distance and time spent in the forest. The results also provide information on the use of repellent, which will be very helpful for modeling risk assessment. The study also shows that prevention should be increased for orienteers in France.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/6/3161tickcitizen sciencetick-bite exposureprevention<i>Ixodes</i> <i>ricinus</i> |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jonas Durand Laure Bournez Julien Marchand Claire Schmid Irene Carravieri Béatrice Palin Cyril Galley Vincent Godard Annick Brun-Jacob Jean-François Cosson Pascale Frey-Klett |
spellingShingle |
Jonas Durand Laure Bournez Julien Marchand Claire Schmid Irene Carravieri Béatrice Palin Cyril Galley Vincent Godard Annick Brun-Jacob Jean-François Cosson Pascale Frey-Klett Are Orienteers Protected Enough Against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites Through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health tick citizen science tick-bite exposure prevention <i>Ixodes</i> <i>ricinus</i> |
author_facet |
Jonas Durand Laure Bournez Julien Marchand Claire Schmid Irene Carravieri Béatrice Palin Cyril Galley Vincent Godard Annick Brun-Jacob Jean-François Cosson Pascale Frey-Klett |
author_sort |
Jonas Durand |
title |
Are Orienteers Protected Enough Against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites Through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition |
title_short |
Are Orienteers Protected Enough Against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites Through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition |
title_full |
Are Orienteers Protected Enough Against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites Through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition |
title_fullStr |
Are Orienteers Protected Enough Against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites Through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition |
title_full_unstemmed |
Are Orienteers Protected Enough Against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites Through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition |
title_sort |
are orienteers protected enough against tick bites? estimating human exposure to tick bites through a participative science survey during an orienteering competition |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1661-7827 1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
Mass-participation events in temperate forests are now well-established features of outdoor activities and represent high-risk activities regarding human exposition to tick bites. In this study we used a citizen science approach to quantify the space–time frequency of tick bites and undetected tick bites among orienteers that participated in a 6-day orienteering competition that took place in July 2018 in the forests of Eastern France, and we looked at the use and efficacy of different preventive behaviors. Our study confirms that orienteers are a high-risk population for tick bites, with 62.4% of orienteers bitten at least once during the competition, and 2.4 to 12.1 orienteers per 100 orienteers were bitten by ticks when walking 1 km. In addition, 16.7% of orienteers bitten by ticks had engorged ticks, meaning that they did not detect and remove their ticks immediately after the run. Further, only 8.5% of orienteers systematically used a repellent, and the use of repellent only partially reduced the probability of being bitten by ticks. These results represent the first attempt to quantify the risk of not immediately detecting a tick bite and provide rare quantitative data on the frequency of tick bites for orienteers according to walking distance and time spent in the forest. The results also provide information on the use of repellent, which will be very helpful for modeling risk assessment. The study also shows that prevention should be increased for orienteers in France. |
topic |
tick citizen science tick-bite exposure prevention <i>Ixodes</i> <i>ricinus</i> |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/6/3161 |
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