The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge
Abstract Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected millions of people around the world, especially the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The infection transmission ra...
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doaj-4bb1ffe301604d1c9e41dcc6e9ca63a02021-08-22T11:32:27ZengSpringerOpenBeni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences2314-85432021-08-0110111210.1186/s43088-021-00134-7The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challengeRanjan K. Mohapatra0Kuldeep Dhama1Snehasish Mishra2Ashish K. Sarangi3Venkataramana Kandi4Ruchi Tiwari5Lucia Pintilie6Department of Chemistry, Government College of EngineeringDivision of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research InstituteSchool of Biotechnology, KIIT UniversityDepartment of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and ManagementDepartment of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU)Department of Synthesis of Bioactive Substances and Pharmaceutical Technologies, National Institute for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentAbstract Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected millions of people around the world, especially the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The infection transmission rate is considered more rapid than other deadly pandemics and severe epidemics encountered earlier, such as Ebola, Zika, Influenza, Marburg, SARS, and MERS. The public health situation therefore is really at a challenging crossroads. Main body The internal and external and resident microbiota community is crucial in human health and is essential for immune responses. This community tends to be altered due to pathogenic infections which would lead to severity of the disease as it progresses. Few of these resident microflora become negatively active during infectious diseases leading to coinfection, especially the opportunistic pathogens. Once such a condition sets in, it is difficult to diagnose, treat, and manage COVID-19 in a patient. Conclusion This review highlights the various reported possible coinfections that arise in COVID-19 patients vis-à-vis other serious pathological conditions. The local immunity in lungs, nasal passages, oral cavity, and salivary glands are involved with different aspects of COVID-19 transmission and pathology. Also, the role of adaptive immune system is discussed at the site of infection to control the infection along with the proinflammatory cytokine therapy.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00134-7COVID-19SARS-CoV-2MicrobiotaResident microfloraBlack fungusCoinfection |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Ranjan K. Mohapatra Kuldeep Dhama Snehasish Mishra Ashish K. Sarangi Venkataramana Kandi Ruchi Tiwari Lucia Pintilie |
spellingShingle |
Ranjan K. Mohapatra Kuldeep Dhama Snehasish Mishra Ashish K. Sarangi Venkataramana Kandi Ruchi Tiwari Lucia Pintilie The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Microbiota Resident microflora Black fungus Coinfection |
author_facet |
Ranjan K. Mohapatra Kuldeep Dhama Snehasish Mishra Ashish K. Sarangi Venkataramana Kandi Ruchi Tiwari Lucia Pintilie |
author_sort |
Ranjan K. Mohapatra |
title |
The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge |
title_short |
The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge |
title_full |
The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge |
title_fullStr |
The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge |
title_full_unstemmed |
The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge |
title_sort |
microbiota-related coinfections in covid-19 patients: a real challenge |
publisher |
SpringerOpen |
series |
Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences |
issn |
2314-8543 |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
Abstract Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected millions of people around the world, especially the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The infection transmission rate is considered more rapid than other deadly pandemics and severe epidemics encountered earlier, such as Ebola, Zika, Influenza, Marburg, SARS, and MERS. The public health situation therefore is really at a challenging crossroads. Main body The internal and external and resident microbiota community is crucial in human health and is essential for immune responses. This community tends to be altered due to pathogenic infections which would lead to severity of the disease as it progresses. Few of these resident microflora become negatively active during infectious diseases leading to coinfection, especially the opportunistic pathogens. Once such a condition sets in, it is difficult to diagnose, treat, and manage COVID-19 in a patient. Conclusion This review highlights the various reported possible coinfections that arise in COVID-19 patients vis-à-vis other serious pathological conditions. The local immunity in lungs, nasal passages, oral cavity, and salivary glands are involved with different aspects of COVID-19 transmission and pathology. Also, the role of adaptive immune system is discussed at the site of infection to control the infection along with the proinflammatory cytokine therapy. |
topic |
COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Microbiota Resident microflora Black fungus Coinfection |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00134-7 |
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