Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species
This study investigated visible foliar ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) injury in three deciduous tree species with different growth patterns (indeterminate, <i>Alnus glutinosa</i> (L.) Gaertn.; intermediate, <i>Sorbus aucuparia</i> L.; and determinate, <i>Vaccinium my...
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doaj-4cb635958d4f4517856c79e84056711f2020-11-25T02:20:24ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072020-01-011118210.3390/f11010082f11010082Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree SpeciesYasutomo Hoshika0Elisa Carrari1Barbara Mariotti2Sofia Martini3Alessandra De Marco4Pierre Sicard5Elena Paoletti6Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, ItalyInstitute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, ItalyInstitute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, ItalyInstitute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, ItalyItalian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, C.R. Casaccia, 00123 Rome, ItalyARGANS, 260 Route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, FranceInstitute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, ItalyThis study investigated visible foliar ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) injury in three deciduous tree species with different growth patterns (indeterminate, <i>Alnus glutinosa</i> (L.) Gaertn.; intermediate, <i>Sorbus aucuparia</i> L.; and determinate, <i>Vaccinium myrtillus</i> L.) from May to August 2018. Ozone effects on the timing of injury onset and a plant injury index (PII) were investigated using two O<sub>3</sub> indices, i.e., AOT40 (accumulative O<sub>3</sub> exposure over 40 ppb during daylight hours) and POD<sub>Y</sub> (phytotoxic O<sub>3</sub> dose above a flux threshold of Y nmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). A new parameterization for POD<sub>Y</sub> estimation was developed for each species. Measurements were carried out in an O<sub>3</sub> free-air controlled exposure (FACE) experiment with three levels of O<sub>3</sub> treatment (ambient, AA; 1.5 × AA; and 2.0 × AA). Injury onset was found in May at 2.0 × AA in all three species and the timing of the onset was determined by the amount of stomatal O<sub>3</sub> uptake. It required 4.0 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> POD<sub>0</sub> and 5.5 to 9.0 ppm·h AOT40. As a result, <i>A. glutinosa</i> with high stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub>s</sub>) showed the earliest emergence of O<sub>3</sub> visible injury among the three species. After the onset, O<sub>3</sub> visible injury expanded to the plant level as confirmed by increased PII values. In <i>A. glutinosa</i> with indeterminate growth pattern, a new leaf formation alleviated the expansion of O<sub>3</sub> visible injury at the plant level. <i>V. myrtillus</i> showed a dramatic increase of PII from June to July due to higher sensitivity to O<sub>3</sub> in its flowering and fruiting stage. Ozone impacts on PII were better explained by the flux-based index, POD<sub>Y</sub>, as compared with the exposure-based index, AOT40. The critical levels (CLs) corresponding to PII = 5 were 8.1 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> POD<sub>7</sub> in <i>A. glutinosa</i>, 22 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> POD<sub>0</sub> in <i>S. aucuparia</i>, and 5.8 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> POD<sub>1</sub> in <i>V. myrtillus</i>. The results highlight that the CLs for PII are species-specific. Establishing species-specific O<sub>3</sub> flux-effect relationships should be key for a quantitative O<sub>3</sub> risk assessment.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/1/82visible foliar ozone injuryeuropean aldermountain asheuropean blueberrystomatal ozone fluxfree-air ozone exposure |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Yasutomo Hoshika Elisa Carrari Barbara Mariotti Sofia Martini Alessandra De Marco Pierre Sicard Elena Paoletti |
spellingShingle |
Yasutomo Hoshika Elisa Carrari Barbara Mariotti Sofia Martini Alessandra De Marco Pierre Sicard Elena Paoletti Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species Forests visible foliar ozone injury european alder mountain ash european blueberry stomatal ozone flux free-air ozone exposure |
author_facet |
Yasutomo Hoshika Elisa Carrari Barbara Mariotti Sofia Martini Alessandra De Marco Pierre Sicard Elena Paoletti |
author_sort |
Yasutomo Hoshika |
title |
Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species |
title_short |
Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species |
title_full |
Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species |
title_fullStr |
Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species |
title_full_unstemmed |
Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species |
title_sort |
flux-based ozone risk assessment for a plant injury index (pii) in three european cool-temperate deciduous tree species |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Forests |
issn |
1999-4907 |
publishDate |
2020-01-01 |
description |
This study investigated visible foliar ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) injury in three deciduous tree species with different growth patterns (indeterminate, <i>Alnus glutinosa</i> (L.) Gaertn.; intermediate, <i>Sorbus aucuparia</i> L.; and determinate, <i>Vaccinium myrtillus</i> L.) from May to August 2018. Ozone effects on the timing of injury onset and a plant injury index (PII) were investigated using two O<sub>3</sub> indices, i.e., AOT40 (accumulative O<sub>3</sub> exposure over 40 ppb during daylight hours) and POD<sub>Y</sub> (phytotoxic O<sub>3</sub> dose above a flux threshold of Y nmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). A new parameterization for POD<sub>Y</sub> estimation was developed for each species. Measurements were carried out in an O<sub>3</sub> free-air controlled exposure (FACE) experiment with three levels of O<sub>3</sub> treatment (ambient, AA; 1.5 × AA; and 2.0 × AA). Injury onset was found in May at 2.0 × AA in all three species and the timing of the onset was determined by the amount of stomatal O<sub>3</sub> uptake. It required 4.0 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> POD<sub>0</sub> and 5.5 to 9.0 ppm·h AOT40. As a result, <i>A. glutinosa</i> with high stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub>s</sub>) showed the earliest emergence of O<sub>3</sub> visible injury among the three species. After the onset, O<sub>3</sub> visible injury expanded to the plant level as confirmed by increased PII values. In <i>A. glutinosa</i> with indeterminate growth pattern, a new leaf formation alleviated the expansion of O<sub>3</sub> visible injury at the plant level. <i>V. myrtillus</i> showed a dramatic increase of PII from June to July due to higher sensitivity to O<sub>3</sub> in its flowering and fruiting stage. Ozone impacts on PII were better explained by the flux-based index, POD<sub>Y</sub>, as compared with the exposure-based index, AOT40. The critical levels (CLs) corresponding to PII = 5 were 8.1 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> POD<sub>7</sub> in <i>A. glutinosa</i>, 22 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> POD<sub>0</sub> in <i>S. aucuparia</i>, and 5.8 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> POD<sub>1</sub> in <i>V. myrtillus</i>. The results highlight that the CLs for PII are species-specific. Establishing species-specific O<sub>3</sub> flux-effect relationships should be key for a quantitative O<sub>3</sub> risk assessment. |
topic |
visible foliar ozone injury european alder mountain ash european blueberry stomatal ozone flux free-air ozone exposure |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/1/82 |
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