Evaluation of Phage Therapy in the Context of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and Its Associated Diseases

Bacteriophages (phages) or bacterial viruses have been proposed as natural antimicrobial agents to fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with human infections. <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> is a gut commensal, which is occasionally found in the mouth and vaginal tract, an...

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Main Authors: Andrei S. Bolocan, Aditya Upadrasta, Pedro H. de Almeida Bettio, Adam G. Clooney, Lorraine A. Draper, R. Paul Ross, Colin Hill
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2019-04-01
Series:Viruses
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/4/366
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spelling doaj-4d27adcf22aa420f86ef79aca6fb15f32020-11-25T00:50:34ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152019-04-0111436610.3390/v11040366v11040366Evaluation of Phage Therapy in the Context of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and Its Associated DiseasesAndrei S. Bolocan0Aditya Upadrasta1Pedro H. de Almeida Bettio2Adam G. Clooney3Lorraine A. Draper4R. Paul Ross5Colin Hill6APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, IrelandAPC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, IrelandAPC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, IrelandAPC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, IrelandAPC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, IrelandAPC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, IrelandAPC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, IrelandBacteriophages (phages) or bacterial viruses have been proposed as natural antimicrobial agents to fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with human infections. <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> is a gut commensal, which is occasionally found in the mouth and vaginal tract, and does not usually cause clinical problems. However, it can spread to other areas of the body and cause life-threatening infections, such as septicemia, endocarditis, or meningitis, in immunocompromised hosts. Although <i>E. faecalis</i> phage cocktails are not commercially available within the EU or USA, there is an accumulated evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies that have shown phage efficacy, which supports the idea of applying phage therapy to overcome infections associated with <i>E. faecalis</i>. In this review, we discuss the potency of bacteriophages in controlling <i>E. faecalis</i>, in both in vitro and in vivo scenarios. <i>E. faecalis</i> associated bacteriophages were compared at the genome level and an attempt was made to categorize phages with respect to their suitability for therapeutic application, using orthocluster analysis. In addition, <i>E. faecalis</i> phages have been examined for the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes, to ensure their safe use in clinical conditions. Finally, the domain architecture of <i>E. faecalis</i> phage-encoded endolysins are discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/4/366phage therapy<i>E. faecalis</i>OrthoMCL
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Andrei S. Bolocan
Aditya Upadrasta
Pedro H. de Almeida Bettio
Adam G. Clooney
Lorraine A. Draper
R. Paul Ross
Colin Hill
spellingShingle Andrei S. Bolocan
Aditya Upadrasta
Pedro H. de Almeida Bettio
Adam G. Clooney
Lorraine A. Draper
R. Paul Ross
Colin Hill
Evaluation of Phage Therapy in the Context of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and Its Associated Diseases
Viruses
phage therapy
<i>E. faecalis</i>
OrthoMCL
author_facet Andrei S. Bolocan
Aditya Upadrasta
Pedro H. de Almeida Bettio
Adam G. Clooney
Lorraine A. Draper
R. Paul Ross
Colin Hill
author_sort Andrei S. Bolocan
title Evaluation of Phage Therapy in the Context of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and Its Associated Diseases
title_short Evaluation of Phage Therapy in the Context of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and Its Associated Diseases
title_full Evaluation of Phage Therapy in the Context of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and Its Associated Diseases
title_fullStr Evaluation of Phage Therapy in the Context of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and Its Associated Diseases
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of Phage Therapy in the Context of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and Its Associated Diseases
title_sort evaluation of phage therapy in the context of <i>enterococcus faecalis</i> and its associated diseases
publisher MDPI AG
series Viruses
issn 1999-4915
publishDate 2019-04-01
description Bacteriophages (phages) or bacterial viruses have been proposed as natural antimicrobial agents to fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with human infections. <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> is a gut commensal, which is occasionally found in the mouth and vaginal tract, and does not usually cause clinical problems. However, it can spread to other areas of the body and cause life-threatening infections, such as septicemia, endocarditis, or meningitis, in immunocompromised hosts. Although <i>E. faecalis</i> phage cocktails are not commercially available within the EU or USA, there is an accumulated evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies that have shown phage efficacy, which supports the idea of applying phage therapy to overcome infections associated with <i>E. faecalis</i>. In this review, we discuss the potency of bacteriophages in controlling <i>E. faecalis</i>, in both in vitro and in vivo scenarios. <i>E. faecalis</i> associated bacteriophages were compared at the genome level and an attempt was made to categorize phages with respect to their suitability for therapeutic application, using orthocluster analysis. In addition, <i>E. faecalis</i> phages have been examined for the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes, to ensure their safe use in clinical conditions. Finally, the domain architecture of <i>E. faecalis</i> phage-encoded endolysins are discussed.
topic phage therapy
<i>E. faecalis</i>
OrthoMCL
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/4/366
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