Arterial Compliance and Autonomic Functions in Adult Male Smokers

Introduction: Smoking is known to augment sympathetic activity and may lead to increased arterial stiffness. Several studies have reported association of increased sympathetic activity and arterial stiffness to cardiovascular risks among smokers. Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) of peripheral arteries,...

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Main Authors: Sukhmani Saini, Yogesh Saxena, Rani Gupta
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited 2016-05-01
Series:Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/7831/19547_CE(RA1)_F(T)_PF1(ROAK)_PFA(AK)_PF2(PAG).pdf
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spelling doaj-4f1cc9c788354ba09164a83f0fe4901b2020-11-25T02:51:30ZengJCDR Research and Publications Private LimitedJournal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research2249-782X0973-709X2016-05-01105CC12CC1610.7860/JCDR/2016/19547.7831Arterial Compliance and Autonomic Functions in Adult Male SmokersSukhmani Saini0Yogesh Saxena1Rani Gupta2Senior Resident, Department of Physiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRHU, Dehradun, India.Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRHU, Dehradun, India.Professor and Head of Department, Department of Physiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRHU, Dehradun, India.Introduction: Smoking is known to augment sympathetic activity and may lead to increased arterial stiffness. Several studies have reported association of increased sympathetic activity and arterial stiffness to cardiovascular risks among smokers. Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) of peripheral arteries, instead of aorta can be used as a non-invasive indicator of arterial stiffness. Aim: To measure non-invasively, the autonomic functions and peripheral arterial stiffness in smokers, and to find out whether the aforementioned factors are modified by the level of physical activity in these smokers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, HIMS, Dehradun, over a period of 12 months (2013-2014) on 100 adult males (20-40 years); 50 smokers and 50 non-smokers. The parameters analysed include relevant anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), sustained Hand Grip Test (HGT) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) domains. Data interpretation and analysis was carried out using SPSS 17.0. Comparison of the above mentioned parameters amongst groups was done with unpaired t-test. The relationship of pack-years & physical activity with vascular functions was assessed by Pearson’s correlation. Interaction of various grades of smoking and physical activity with Cardiovascular System (CVS) parameters was assessed by one-way ANOVA. Results: Smokers had higher values of PWV (5.7±0.5m/s) as compared to non-smokers (4.8±0.4m/s) (p<0.001). ∆DBP during HGT was lower (7±3.18mmHg) among smokers as compared to non-smokers (19.4±3.5mmHg) (p<0.001). Smoking (packyears) was positively related to PWV (r= .03) but showed a weak negative relationship with change in Diastolic Blood Pressure (∆DBP) (r= -0.084, p=0.56) showing that, more the frequency of smoking, the more was arterial stiffening and the lesser was the sympathetic response to the HGT. The smokers had significantly higher sympathetic activity; Low Frequency (LF) & Low Frequency: High Frequency ratio (LF: HF) (p<.001) whereas High Frequency (HF) was significantly lower (p<.001) showing a decline in parasympathetic activity. Conclusion: Smokers demonstrated higher peripheral PWV and higher intrinsic sympathetic activity and this increase in intrinsic sympathetic activity may lead to increased arterial stiffness. Interaction of autonomic function and PWV with levels of physical activity and grades of smoking showed no significant differences, suggesting the fact that increased physical activity or reduced smoking may not have any effect on the endothelial dysfunction or CVS morbidity caused by smoking.https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/7831/19547_CE(RA1)_F(T)_PF1(ROAK)_PFA(AK)_PF2(PAG).pdfarterial stiffnesspulse wave velocitysympathetic dysfunction
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Sukhmani Saini
Yogesh Saxena
Rani Gupta
spellingShingle Sukhmani Saini
Yogesh Saxena
Rani Gupta
Arterial Compliance and Autonomic Functions in Adult Male Smokers
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research
arterial stiffness
pulse wave velocity
sympathetic dysfunction
author_facet Sukhmani Saini
Yogesh Saxena
Rani Gupta
author_sort Sukhmani Saini
title Arterial Compliance and Autonomic Functions in Adult Male Smokers
title_short Arterial Compliance and Autonomic Functions in Adult Male Smokers
title_full Arterial Compliance and Autonomic Functions in Adult Male Smokers
title_fullStr Arterial Compliance and Autonomic Functions in Adult Male Smokers
title_full_unstemmed Arterial Compliance and Autonomic Functions in Adult Male Smokers
title_sort arterial compliance and autonomic functions in adult male smokers
publisher JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
series Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research
issn 2249-782X
0973-709X
publishDate 2016-05-01
description Introduction: Smoking is known to augment sympathetic activity and may lead to increased arterial stiffness. Several studies have reported association of increased sympathetic activity and arterial stiffness to cardiovascular risks among smokers. Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) of peripheral arteries, instead of aorta can be used as a non-invasive indicator of arterial stiffness. Aim: To measure non-invasively, the autonomic functions and peripheral arterial stiffness in smokers, and to find out whether the aforementioned factors are modified by the level of physical activity in these smokers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, HIMS, Dehradun, over a period of 12 months (2013-2014) on 100 adult males (20-40 years); 50 smokers and 50 non-smokers. The parameters analysed include relevant anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), sustained Hand Grip Test (HGT) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) domains. Data interpretation and analysis was carried out using SPSS 17.0. Comparison of the above mentioned parameters amongst groups was done with unpaired t-test. The relationship of pack-years & physical activity with vascular functions was assessed by Pearson’s correlation. Interaction of various grades of smoking and physical activity with Cardiovascular System (CVS) parameters was assessed by one-way ANOVA. Results: Smokers had higher values of PWV (5.7±0.5m/s) as compared to non-smokers (4.8±0.4m/s) (p<0.001). ∆DBP during HGT was lower (7±3.18mmHg) among smokers as compared to non-smokers (19.4±3.5mmHg) (p<0.001). Smoking (packyears) was positively related to PWV (r= .03) but showed a weak negative relationship with change in Diastolic Blood Pressure (∆DBP) (r= -0.084, p=0.56) showing that, more the frequency of smoking, the more was arterial stiffening and the lesser was the sympathetic response to the HGT. The smokers had significantly higher sympathetic activity; Low Frequency (LF) & Low Frequency: High Frequency ratio (LF: HF) (p<.001) whereas High Frequency (HF) was significantly lower (p<.001) showing a decline in parasympathetic activity. Conclusion: Smokers demonstrated higher peripheral PWV and higher intrinsic sympathetic activity and this increase in intrinsic sympathetic activity may lead to increased arterial stiffness. Interaction of autonomic function and PWV with levels of physical activity and grades of smoking showed no significant differences, suggesting the fact that increased physical activity or reduced smoking may not have any effect on the endothelial dysfunction or CVS morbidity caused by smoking.
topic arterial stiffness
pulse wave velocity
sympathetic dysfunction
url https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/7831/19547_CE(RA1)_F(T)_PF1(ROAK)_PFA(AK)_PF2(PAG).pdf
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