A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents

A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents

Background: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Hikikomori (an extreme form of social real-life withdrawal, where individuals isolate themselves from society) have both been suggested as mental disorders that require further clinical research, particularly among young adult populations. Objective: To...

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Main Authors: Vasileios Stavropoulos, Emma Ela Anderson, Charlotte Beard, Mohammed Qasim Latifi, Daria Kuss, Mark Griffiths
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2019-06-01
Series:Addictive Behaviors Reports
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352853218300877
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spelling doaj-4fb0c036eaf64595867411ca190cd0472020-11-25T01:33:55ZengElsevierAddictive Behaviors Reports2352-85322019-06-019A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parentsVasileios Stavropoulos0Emma Ela Anderson1Charlotte Beard2Mohammed Qasim Latifi3Daria Kuss4Mark Griffiths5Cairnmillar Institute, Australia; Corresponding author.Federation University, AustraliaUniversity of Palo Alto, United States of AmericaDepartment of Justice, Victorian Government, AustraliaNottingham Trent University, UKNottingham Trent University, UKBackground: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Hikikomori (an extreme form of social real-life withdrawal, where individuals isolate themselves from society) have both been suggested as mental disorders that require further clinical research, particularly among young adult populations. Objective: To add to the extant literature, the present study used a cross-cultural, cross-sectional design to investigate the association between Hikikomori and IGD, and the potential moderating effects of reported game-playing time and living with parents. Method: Two online samples of 153 Australian and 457 U.S.-North American young adult players of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) games were collected. The nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9), and the Hikikomori Social Withdrawal Scale were administered to dimensionally assess IGD and Hikikomori, respectively. Results: Linear regression analyses confirmed that Hikikomori symptoms are associated with IGD. Additionally, moderation analyses indicated that the association was exacerbated by longer game playing time across both populations. Gamers living with their parents was a significant moderator of the relationship for the Australian sample. Conclusions: Extreme real-life social withdrawal and IGD are related, and this association is exacerbated for those who spend more time playing MMOs per day, and, for Australian participants, living with their parents. Keywords: Internet Gaming Disorder, Online gaming, Hikikomori, Social withdrawal, Emergent adulthood, Massively multiplayer online games, Gaming addictionhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352853218300877
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Vasileios Stavropoulos
Emma Ela Anderson
Charlotte Beard
Mohammed Qasim Latifi
Daria Kuss
Mark Griffiths
spellingShingle Vasileios Stavropoulos
Emma Ela Anderson
Charlotte Beard
Mohammed Qasim Latifi
Daria Kuss
Mark Griffiths
A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents
Addictive Behaviors Reports
author_facet Vasileios Stavropoulos
Emma Ela Anderson
Charlotte Beard
Mohammed Qasim Latifi
Daria Kuss
Mark Griffiths
author_sort Vasileios Stavropoulos
title A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents
title_short A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents
title_full A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents
title_fullStr A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents
title_full_unstemmed A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents
title_sort preliminary cross-cultural study of hikikomori and internet gaming disorder: the moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents
publisher Elsevier
series Addictive Behaviors Reports
issn 2352-8532
publishDate 2019-06-01
description Background: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Hikikomori (an extreme form of social real-life withdrawal, where individuals isolate themselves from society) have both been suggested as mental disorders that require further clinical research, particularly among young adult populations. Objective: To add to the extant literature, the present study used a cross-cultural, cross-sectional design to investigate the association between Hikikomori and IGD, and the potential moderating effects of reported game-playing time and living with parents. Method: Two online samples of 153 Australian and 457 U.S.-North American young adult players of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) games were collected. The nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9), and the Hikikomori Social Withdrawal Scale were administered to dimensionally assess IGD and Hikikomori, respectively. Results: Linear regression analyses confirmed that Hikikomori symptoms are associated with IGD. Additionally, moderation analyses indicated that the association was exacerbated by longer game playing time across both populations. Gamers living with their parents was a significant moderator of the relationship for the Australian sample. Conclusions: Extreme real-life social withdrawal and IGD are related, and this association is exacerbated for those who spend more time playing MMOs per day, and, for Australian participants, living with their parents. Keywords: Internet Gaming Disorder, Online gaming, Hikikomori, Social withdrawal, Emergent adulthood, Massively multiplayer online games, Gaming addiction
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352853218300877
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