The Phenological Growth Stages of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> According to BBCH Scale
<i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> is a native tree in southern China that has multiple useful functions, including high landscaping, ecological, esthetic, and economic values. More importantly, its fruits are being rapidly developed as raw materials for bioenergy and saponin production in southe...
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doaj-4fbba69da2d94075aabaca26882cea992020-11-25T01:34:41ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072019-05-0110646210.3390/f10060462f10060462The Phenological Growth Stages of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> According to BBCH ScaleGuochun Zhao0Yuhan Gao1Shilun Gao2Yuanyuan Xu3Jiming Liu4Caowen Sun5Yuan Gao6Shiqi Liu7Zhong Chen8Liming Jia9Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China<i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> is a native tree in southern China that has multiple useful functions, including high landscaping, ecological, esthetic, and economic values. More importantly, its fruits are being rapidly developed as raw materials for bioenergy and saponin production in southern China. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study firstly used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale. In total, eight principal stages—i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of dormancy—and 58 secondary stages were described. It ranges from vegetative bud dormancy to the onset of the next beginning of the dormancy, using a two-digit numerical coding system. In addition to the descriptions, we provide photographic images of some major developmental stages to standardize morphological characteristics and the phenological observation of <i>S. mukorossi</i>. This study will be an asset for biological researches and cultivation management in <i>Sapindus</i>, and will provide valuable information for other fruit trees.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/6/462<i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>BBCH scaledevelopmental stagesphenology |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Guochun Zhao Yuhan Gao Shilun Gao Yuanyuan Xu Jiming Liu Caowen Sun Yuan Gao Shiqi Liu Zhong Chen Liming Jia |
spellingShingle |
Guochun Zhao Yuhan Gao Shilun Gao Yuanyuan Xu Jiming Liu Caowen Sun Yuan Gao Shiqi Liu Zhong Chen Liming Jia The Phenological Growth Stages of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> According to BBCH Scale Forests <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> BBCH scale developmental stages phenology |
author_facet |
Guochun Zhao Yuhan Gao Shilun Gao Yuanyuan Xu Jiming Liu Caowen Sun Yuan Gao Shiqi Liu Zhong Chen Liming Jia |
author_sort |
Guochun Zhao |
title |
The Phenological Growth Stages of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> According to BBCH Scale |
title_short |
The Phenological Growth Stages of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> According to BBCH Scale |
title_full |
The Phenological Growth Stages of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> According to BBCH Scale |
title_fullStr |
The Phenological Growth Stages of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> According to BBCH Scale |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Phenological Growth Stages of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> According to BBCH Scale |
title_sort |
phenological growth stages of <i>sapindus mukorossi</i> according to bbch scale |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Forests |
issn |
1999-4907 |
publishDate |
2019-05-01 |
description |
<i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> is a native tree in southern China that has multiple useful functions, including high landscaping, ecological, esthetic, and economic values. More importantly, its fruits are being rapidly developed as raw materials for bioenergy and saponin production in southern China. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study firstly used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale. In total, eight principal stages—i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of dormancy—and 58 secondary stages were described. It ranges from vegetative bud dormancy to the onset of the next beginning of the dormancy, using a two-digit numerical coding system. In addition to the descriptions, we provide photographic images of some major developmental stages to standardize morphological characteristics and the phenological observation of <i>S. mukorossi</i>. This study will be an asset for biological researches and cultivation management in <i>Sapindus</i>, and will provide valuable information for other fruit trees. |
topic |
<i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> BBCH scale developmental stages phenology |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/6/462 |
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