Association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to COVID-19: profile of age and gender in Iraqi patients
Abstract Background A case-control study was performed to examine age, gender, and ABO blood groups in 1014 Iraqi hospitalized cases with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 901 blood donors (control group). The infection was molecularly diagnosed by detecting coronavirus RNA in nasal swabs of p...
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doaj-4febba8d1a6949269381dddacf25e5322020-12-20T12:05:42ZengSpringerOpenEgyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics2090-24412020-12-0121111010.1186/s43042-020-00115-yAssociation between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to COVID-19: profile of age and gender in Iraqi patientsAli H. Ad’hiah0Maha H. Abdullah1Mustafa Y. Alsudani2Rasool M. S. Shnawa3Ali J. R. Al-Sa’ady4Risala H. Allami5Khawla I. Misha’al6Iftikhar A. Jassim7Estabraq A. Taqi8Tropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of BaghdadCollege of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain UniversityBasrah Health Office, Basrah, Ministry of Health and EnvironmentAlforat Hospital, Baghdad, Ministry of Health and EnvironmentBiotechnology Department, College of Science, University of BaghdadCollege of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain UniversityTropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of BaghdadTropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of BaghdadTropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of BaghdadAbstract Background A case-control study was performed to examine age, gender, and ABO blood groups in 1014 Iraqi hospitalized cases with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 901 blood donors (control group). The infection was molecularly diagnosed by detecting coronavirus RNA in nasal swabs of patients. Results Mean age was significantly elevated in cases compared to controls (48.2 ± 13.8 vs. 29.9 ± 9.0 year; probability [p] < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated the predictive significance of age in COVID-19 evolution (Area under curve = 0.858; 95% CI: 0.841 – 0.875; p < 0.001). Males outnumbered females in cases (60.4 vs. 39.6%) and controls (56 vs. 44%). Stratification by age group (< 30, 30 – 39, 40 – 49 and ≥ 50 years) revealed that 48.3% of cases clustered in the age group ≥ 50 years. ABO blood group analysis showed that group A was the most common among cases, while group O was the most common among controls (35.5 and 36.7%, respectively). Blood groups A (35.5 vs. 32.7; corrected p [pc] = 0.021), A+AB (46.3 vs. 41.7%; pc = 0.021) and A+B+AB (68.0 vs. 63.3%; pc = 0.007) showed significantly elevated frequencies in cases compared to controls. Logistic regression analysis estimated odds ratios (ORs) of 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 - 2.02), 1.48 (95% CI: 1.14 - 1.93) and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.17 - 1.82) for blood groups A, A+AB and A+B+AB, respectively. Blood group frequencies showed no significant differences between age groups of cases or controls. Regarding gender, male cases were marked with increased frequency of group A (39.9 vs. 28.9%) and decreased frequency of group O (25.9 vs. 41.0%) compared to female cases. Independent re-analysis of ABO blood groups in male and female cases demonstrated that group A was increased in male cases compared to male controls (39.9 vs. 33.1%; OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.24 - 2.21; pc = 0.006). On the contrary, no significant differences were found between females of cases and controls. Conclusions The study results indicated that blood group A may be associated with an increased risk of developing COVID-19, particularly in males.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43042-020-00115-yCOVID-19, ABO blood groups, Age, Gender, Logistic regression analysis |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Ali H. Ad’hiah Maha H. Abdullah Mustafa Y. Alsudani Rasool M. S. Shnawa Ali J. R. Al-Sa’ady Risala H. Allami Khawla I. Misha’al Iftikhar A. Jassim Estabraq A. Taqi |
spellingShingle |
Ali H. Ad’hiah Maha H. Abdullah Mustafa Y. Alsudani Rasool M. S. Shnawa Ali J. R. Al-Sa’ady Risala H. Allami Khawla I. Misha’al Iftikhar A. Jassim Estabraq A. Taqi Association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to COVID-19: profile of age and gender in Iraqi patients Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics COVID-19, ABO blood groups, Age, Gender, Logistic regression analysis |
author_facet |
Ali H. Ad’hiah Maha H. Abdullah Mustafa Y. Alsudani Rasool M. S. Shnawa Ali J. R. Al-Sa’ady Risala H. Allami Khawla I. Misha’al Iftikhar A. Jassim Estabraq A. Taqi |
author_sort |
Ali H. Ad’hiah |
title |
Association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to COVID-19: profile of age and gender in Iraqi patients |
title_short |
Association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to COVID-19: profile of age and gender in Iraqi patients |
title_full |
Association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to COVID-19: profile of age and gender in Iraqi patients |
title_fullStr |
Association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to COVID-19: profile of age and gender in Iraqi patients |
title_full_unstemmed |
Association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to COVID-19: profile of age and gender in Iraqi patients |
title_sort |
association between abo blood groups and susceptibility to covid-19: profile of age and gender in iraqi patients |
publisher |
SpringerOpen |
series |
Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics |
issn |
2090-2441 |
publishDate |
2020-12-01 |
description |
Abstract Background A case-control study was performed to examine age, gender, and ABO blood groups in 1014 Iraqi hospitalized cases with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 901 blood donors (control group). The infection was molecularly diagnosed by detecting coronavirus RNA in nasal swabs of patients. Results Mean age was significantly elevated in cases compared to controls (48.2 ± 13.8 vs. 29.9 ± 9.0 year; probability [p] < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated the predictive significance of age in COVID-19 evolution (Area under curve = 0.858; 95% CI: 0.841 – 0.875; p < 0.001). Males outnumbered females in cases (60.4 vs. 39.6%) and controls (56 vs. 44%). Stratification by age group (< 30, 30 – 39, 40 – 49 and ≥ 50 years) revealed that 48.3% of cases clustered in the age group ≥ 50 years. ABO blood group analysis showed that group A was the most common among cases, while group O was the most common among controls (35.5 and 36.7%, respectively). Blood groups A (35.5 vs. 32.7; corrected p [pc] = 0.021), A+AB (46.3 vs. 41.7%; pc = 0.021) and A+B+AB (68.0 vs. 63.3%; pc = 0.007) showed significantly elevated frequencies in cases compared to controls. Logistic regression analysis estimated odds ratios (ORs) of 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 - 2.02), 1.48 (95% CI: 1.14 - 1.93) and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.17 - 1.82) for blood groups A, A+AB and A+B+AB, respectively. Blood group frequencies showed no significant differences between age groups of cases or controls. Regarding gender, male cases were marked with increased frequency of group A (39.9 vs. 28.9%) and decreased frequency of group O (25.9 vs. 41.0%) compared to female cases. Independent re-analysis of ABO blood groups in male and female cases demonstrated that group A was increased in male cases compared to male controls (39.9 vs. 33.1%; OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.24 - 2.21; pc = 0.006). On the contrary, no significant differences were found between females of cases and controls. Conclusions The study results indicated that blood group A may be associated with an increased risk of developing COVID-19, particularly in males. |
topic |
COVID-19, ABO blood groups, Age, Gender, Logistic regression analysis |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43042-020-00115-y |
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