At what Pressure Shall CO<sub>2</sub> Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping
The pipeline has historically been the preferred means to transport CO<sub>2</sub> due to its low cost for short distances and opportunities for economies of scale. However, interest in vessel-based transport of CO<sub>2</sub> is growing. While most of the literature has assu...
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doaj-500dec8e38f4478990116c8b58f093212021-09-26T00:04:20ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732021-09-01145635563510.3390/en14185635At what Pressure Shall CO<sub>2</sub> Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg ShippingSimon Roussanaly0Han Deng1Geir Skaugen2Truls Gundersen3SINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælandsvei 11, NO-7465 Trondheim, NorwaySINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælandsvei 11, NO-7465 Trondheim, NorwaySINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælandsvei 11, NO-7465 Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Kolbjørn Hejes Vei 1B, NO-7491 Trondheim, NorwayThe pipeline has historically been the preferred means to transport CO<sub>2</sub> due to its low cost for short distances and opportunities for economies of scale. However, interest in vessel-based transport of CO<sub>2</sub> is growing. While most of the literature has assumed that CO<sub>2</sub> shipping would take place at low pressure (at 7 barg and −46 °C), the issue of identifying best transport conditions, in terms of pressure, temperature, and gas composition, is becoming more relevant as ship-based carbon capture and storage chains move towards implementation. This study focuses on an in-depth comparison of the two primary and relevant transport pressures, 7 and 15 barg, for annual volumes up to 20 MtCO<sub>2</sub>/year and transport distances up to 2000 km. We also address the impact of a number of key factors on optimal transport conditions, including (a) transport between harbours versus transport to an offshore site, (b) CO<sub>2</sub> pressure prior to conditioning, (c) the presence of impurities and of purity constraints, and (d) maximum feasible ship capacities for the 7 and 15 barg options. Overall, we have found that 7 barg shipping is the most cost-efficient option for the combinations of distance and annual volume where transport by ship is the cost-optimal means of transport. Furthermore, 7 barg shipping can enable significant cost reductions (beyond 30%) compared to 15 barg shipping for a wide range of annual volume capacities.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5635carbon capture and storageCO<sub>2</sub> transportCO<sub>2</sub> shippingoptimal transport pressuretechno-economic |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Simon Roussanaly Han Deng Geir Skaugen Truls Gundersen |
spellingShingle |
Simon Roussanaly Han Deng Geir Skaugen Truls Gundersen At what Pressure Shall CO<sub>2</sub> Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping Energies carbon capture and storage CO<sub>2</sub> transport CO<sub>2</sub> shipping optimal transport pressure techno-economic |
author_facet |
Simon Roussanaly Han Deng Geir Skaugen Truls Gundersen |
author_sort |
Simon Roussanaly |
title |
At what Pressure Shall CO<sub>2</sub> Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping |
title_short |
At what Pressure Shall CO<sub>2</sub> Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping |
title_full |
At what Pressure Shall CO<sub>2</sub> Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping |
title_fullStr |
At what Pressure Shall CO<sub>2</sub> Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping |
title_full_unstemmed |
At what Pressure Shall CO<sub>2</sub> Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping |
title_sort |
at what pressure shall co<sub>2</sub> be transported by ship? an in-depth cost comparison of 7 and 15 barg shipping |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Energies |
issn |
1996-1073 |
publishDate |
2021-09-01 |
description |
The pipeline has historically been the preferred means to transport CO<sub>2</sub> due to its low cost for short distances and opportunities for economies of scale. However, interest in vessel-based transport of CO<sub>2</sub> is growing. While most of the literature has assumed that CO<sub>2</sub> shipping would take place at low pressure (at 7 barg and −46 °C), the issue of identifying best transport conditions, in terms of pressure, temperature, and gas composition, is becoming more relevant as ship-based carbon capture and storage chains move towards implementation. This study focuses on an in-depth comparison of the two primary and relevant transport pressures, 7 and 15 barg, for annual volumes up to 20 MtCO<sub>2</sub>/year and transport distances up to 2000 km. We also address the impact of a number of key factors on optimal transport conditions, including (a) transport between harbours versus transport to an offshore site, (b) CO<sub>2</sub> pressure prior to conditioning, (c) the presence of impurities and of purity constraints, and (d) maximum feasible ship capacities for the 7 and 15 barg options. Overall, we have found that 7 barg shipping is the most cost-efficient option for the combinations of distance and annual volume where transport by ship is the cost-optimal means of transport. Furthermore, 7 barg shipping can enable significant cost reductions (beyond 30%) compared to 15 barg shipping for a wide range of annual volume capacities. |
topic |
carbon capture and storage CO<sub>2</sub> transport CO<sub>2</sub> shipping optimal transport pressure techno-economic |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5635 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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