A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Applications
We examined a series of commercially available screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) for their suitability for electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) detection systems. Using cyclic voltammetry with both a homogeneous solution-based and a heterogeneous bead-based ECL assay format, t...
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doaj-5070c7b249a846e7b683c7d82efd9d002021-01-28T04:16:57ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Chemistry2296-26462021-01-01810.3389/fchem.2020.628483628483A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence ApplicationsEmily Kerr0Richard Alexander1Paul S. Francis2Rosanne M. Guijt3Gregory J. Barbante4Egan H. Doeven5Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, AustraliaCentre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, AustraliaSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, AustraliaCentre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, AustraliaARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, AustraliaCentre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, AustraliaWe examined a series of commercially available screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) for their suitability for electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) detection systems. Using cyclic voltammetry with both a homogeneous solution-based and a heterogeneous bead-based ECL assay format, the most intense ECL signals were observed from unmodified carbon-based SPEs. Three commercially available varieties were tested, with Zensor outperforming DropSens and Kanichi in terms of sensitivity. The incorporation of nanomaterials in the electrode did not significantly enhance the ECL intensity under the conditions used in this evaluation (such as gold nanoparticles 19%, carbon nanotubes 45%, carbon nanofibers 21%, graphene 48%, and ordered mesoporous carbon 21% compared to the ECL intensity of unmodified Zensor carbon electrode). Platinum and gold SPEs exhibited poor relative ECL intensities (16% and 10%) when compared to carbonaceous materials, due to their high rates of surface oxide formation and inefficient oxidation of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA). However, the ECL signal at platinum electrodes can be increased ∼3-fold with the addition of a surfactant, which enhanced TPrA oxidation due to increasing the hydrophobicity of the electrode surface. Our results also demonstrate that each SPE should only be used once, as we observed a significant change in ECL intensity over repeated CV scans and SPEs cannot be mechanically polished to refresh the electrode surface.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.628483/fullelectrogeneratedchemiluminescencescreen-printed electrodespoint-of-care sensorselectrochemiluminescence |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Emily Kerr Richard Alexander Paul S. Francis Rosanne M. Guijt Gregory J. Barbante Egan H. Doeven |
spellingShingle |
Emily Kerr Richard Alexander Paul S. Francis Rosanne M. Guijt Gregory J. Barbante Egan H. Doeven A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Applications Frontiers in Chemistry electrogenerated chemiluminescence screen-printed electrodes point-of-care sensors electrochemiluminescence |
author_facet |
Emily Kerr Richard Alexander Paul S. Francis Rosanne M. Guijt Gregory J. Barbante Egan H. Doeven |
author_sort |
Emily Kerr |
title |
A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Applications |
title_short |
A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Applications |
title_full |
A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Applications |
title_fullStr |
A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Applications |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Applications |
title_sort |
comparison of commercially available screen-printed electrodes for electrogenerated chemiluminescence applications |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Chemistry |
issn |
2296-2646 |
publishDate |
2021-01-01 |
description |
We examined a series of commercially available screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) for their suitability for electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) detection systems. Using cyclic voltammetry with both a homogeneous solution-based and a heterogeneous bead-based ECL assay format, the most intense ECL signals were observed from unmodified carbon-based SPEs. Three commercially available varieties were tested, with Zensor outperforming DropSens and Kanichi in terms of sensitivity. The incorporation of nanomaterials in the electrode did not significantly enhance the ECL intensity under the conditions used in this evaluation (such as gold nanoparticles 19%, carbon nanotubes 45%, carbon nanofibers 21%, graphene 48%, and ordered mesoporous carbon 21% compared to the ECL intensity of unmodified Zensor carbon electrode). Platinum and gold SPEs exhibited poor relative ECL intensities (16% and 10%) when compared to carbonaceous materials, due to their high rates of surface oxide formation and inefficient oxidation of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA). However, the ECL signal at platinum electrodes can be increased ∼3-fold with the addition of a surfactant, which enhanced TPrA oxidation due to increasing the hydrophobicity of the electrode surface. Our results also demonstrate that each SPE should only be used once, as we observed a significant change in ECL intensity over repeated CV scans and SPEs cannot be mechanically polished to refresh the electrode surface. |
topic |
electrogenerated chemiluminescence screen-printed electrodes point-of-care sensors electrochemiluminescence |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.628483/full |
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