Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison Task
Background: Web cameras are increasingly part of the standard hardware of most smart devices. Eye movements can often provide a noninvasive “window on the brain,” and the recording of eye movements using web cameras is a burgeoning area of research.Objective: This study investigated a novel methodol...
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doaj-507c28101fee49e4886cb8609e8131232020-11-24T22:27:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neuroscience1662-453X2017-06-011110.3389/fnins.2017.00370244985Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison TaskNicholas T. Bott0Alex Lange1Dorene Rentz2Dorene Rentz3Elizabeth Buffalo4Elizabeth Buffalo5Paul Clopton6Stuart Zola7Stuart Zola8Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, United StatesNeurotrack Technologies, Inc.Redwood City, CA, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Brigham and Women's HospitalBoston, MA, United StatesNeurotrack Technologies, Inc.Redwood City, CA, United StatesDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, United StatesSan Diego Veteran's Administration Medical Center, San DiegoSan Diego, CA, United StatesNeurotrack Technologies, Inc.Redwood City, CA, United StatesEmory University Office of the ProvostAtlanta, GA, United StatesBackground: Web cameras are increasingly part of the standard hardware of most smart devices. Eye movements can often provide a noninvasive “window on the brain,” and the recording of eye movements using web cameras is a burgeoning area of research.Objective: This study investigated a novel methodology for administering a visual paired comparison (VPC) decisional task using a web camera.To further assess this method, we examined the correlation between a standard eye-tracking camera automated scoring procedure [obtaining images at 60 frames per second (FPS)] and a manually scored procedure using a built-in laptop web camera (obtaining images at 3 FPS).Methods: This was an observational study of 54 clinically normal older adults.Subjects completed three in-clinic visits with simultaneous recording of eye movements on a VPC decision task by a standard eye tracker camera and a built-in laptop-based web camera. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed using Siegel and Castellan's kappa formula. Pearson correlations were used to investigate the correlation between VPC performance using a standard eye tracker camera and a built-in web camera.Results: Strong associations were observed on VPC mean novelty preference score between the 60 FPS eye tracker and 3 FPS built-in web camera at each of the three visits (r = 0.88–0.92). Inter-rater agreement of web camera scoring at each time point was high (κ = 0.81–0.88). There were strong relationships on VPC mean novelty preference score between 10, 5, and 3 FPS training sets (r = 0.88–0.94). Significantly fewer data quality issues were encountered using the built-in web camera.Conclusions: Human scoring of a VPC decisional task using a built-in laptop web camera correlated strongly with automated scoring of the same task using a standard high frame rate eye tracker camera.While this method is not suitable for eye tracking paradigms requiring the collection and analysis of fine-grained metrics, such as fixation points, built-in web cameras are a standard feature of most smart devices (e.g., laptops, tablets, smart phones) and can be effectively employed to track eye movements on decisional tasks with high accuracy and minimal cost.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00370/fullweb-cameraeye trackingvisual paired comparisonvisual memorymethodology comparison |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Nicholas T. Bott Alex Lange Dorene Rentz Dorene Rentz Elizabeth Buffalo Elizabeth Buffalo Paul Clopton Stuart Zola Stuart Zola |
spellingShingle |
Nicholas T. Bott Alex Lange Dorene Rentz Dorene Rentz Elizabeth Buffalo Elizabeth Buffalo Paul Clopton Stuart Zola Stuart Zola Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison Task Frontiers in Neuroscience web-camera eye tracking visual paired comparison visual memory methodology comparison |
author_facet |
Nicholas T. Bott Alex Lange Dorene Rentz Dorene Rentz Elizabeth Buffalo Elizabeth Buffalo Paul Clopton Stuart Zola Stuart Zola |
author_sort |
Nicholas T. Bott |
title |
Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison Task |
title_short |
Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison Task |
title_full |
Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison Task |
title_fullStr |
Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison Task |
title_full_unstemmed |
Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison Task |
title_sort |
web camera based eye tracking to assess visual memory on a visual paired comparison task |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Neuroscience |
issn |
1662-453X |
publishDate |
2017-06-01 |
description |
Background: Web cameras are increasingly part of the standard hardware of most smart devices. Eye movements can often provide a noninvasive “window on the brain,” and the recording of eye movements using web cameras is a burgeoning area of research.Objective: This study investigated a novel methodology for administering a visual paired comparison (VPC) decisional task using a web camera.To further assess this method, we examined the correlation between a standard eye-tracking camera automated scoring procedure [obtaining images at 60 frames per second (FPS)] and a manually scored procedure using a built-in laptop web camera (obtaining images at 3 FPS).Methods: This was an observational study of 54 clinically normal older adults.Subjects completed three in-clinic visits with simultaneous recording of eye movements on a VPC decision task by a standard eye tracker camera and a built-in laptop-based web camera. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed using Siegel and Castellan's kappa formula. Pearson correlations were used to investigate the correlation between VPC performance using a standard eye tracker camera and a built-in web camera.Results: Strong associations were observed on VPC mean novelty preference score between the 60 FPS eye tracker and 3 FPS built-in web camera at each of the three visits (r = 0.88–0.92). Inter-rater agreement of web camera scoring at each time point was high (κ = 0.81–0.88). There were strong relationships on VPC mean novelty preference score between 10, 5, and 3 FPS training sets (r = 0.88–0.94). Significantly fewer data quality issues were encountered using the built-in web camera.Conclusions: Human scoring of a VPC decisional task using a built-in laptop web camera correlated strongly with automated scoring of the same task using a standard high frame rate eye tracker camera.While this method is not suitable for eye tracking paradigms requiring the collection and analysis of fine-grained metrics, such as fixation points, built-in web cameras are a standard feature of most smart devices (e.g., laptops, tablets, smart phones) and can be effectively employed to track eye movements on decisional tasks with high accuracy and minimal cost. |
topic |
web-camera eye tracking visual paired comparison visual memory methodology comparison |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00370/full |
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