The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase study
Background: Water fluoride level is unknown in many regions of Iran. Besides, only few non-controlled studies world-wide have assessed the effect of water fluoride on dental fluorosis and caries. We aimed to measure the fluoride level of 76 water supplies in 54 cities and evaluate the effect of fluo...
Main Authors: | , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2015-01-01
|
Series: | Dental Research Journal |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://www.drjjournal.net/article.asp?issn=1735-3327;year=2015;volume=12;issue=1;spage=31;epage=37;aulast=Ramezani |
id |
doaj-514015faf9c24cf981b420446ca91678 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-514015faf9c24cf981b420446ca916782020-11-24T23:41:27ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsDental Research Journal1735-33272008-02552015-01-01121313710.4103/1735-3327.150310The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase studyGholamhossein RamezaniNasser ValaieVahid RakhshanBackground: Water fluoride level is unknown in many regions of Iran. Besides, only few non-controlled studies world-wide have assessed the effect of water fluoride on dental fluorosis and caries. We aimed to measure the fluoride level of 76 water supplies in 54 cities and evaluate the effect of fluoride on dental caries and fluorosis in a large multi-project study. Materials and Methods: In the first phase (cross-sectional), fluoride levels of 76 water tanks in 54 cities/villages in five provinces of Iran were randomly evaluated in five subprojects. In the second phase (retrospective cohort), 1127 middle school children (563 cohort and 564 control subjects) in the high and low ends of fluoride concentration in each subproject were visited. Their decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and fluorosis states were assessed. The data were analyzed using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and independent-samples t-test (α = 0.05). Results: Mean fluoride level was 0.298 ± 0.340 mg/L in 54 cities/villages. Only eight water tanks had fluoride levels within the normal range and only one was higher than normal and the rest (67 tanks) were all at low levels. Overall, a significant association was observed between fluoride level and fluorosis. However, this was not the case in all areas, as in 2 of 5 provinces, the effect of fluoride on fluorosis was not confirmed. In 4 of the 5 areas studied, there was a significant link between fluoride level and DMFT. Conclusion: Extremely low fluoride levels in Iran cities are an alarming finding and need attention. Higher fluoride is likely to reduce dental caries while increasing fluorosis. This finding was not confirmed in all the areas studied.http://www.drjjournal.net/article.asp?issn=1735-3327;year=2015;volume=12;issue=1;spage=31;epage=37;aulast=RamezaniCommunity fluorosis indexDean′s fluorosis indexdental cariesdental fluorosiswater fluoride |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Gholamhossein Ramezani Nasser Valaie Vahid Rakhshan |
spellingShingle |
Gholamhossein Ramezani Nasser Valaie Vahid Rakhshan The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase study Dental Research Journal Community fluorosis index Dean′s fluorosis index dental caries dental fluorosis water fluoride |
author_facet |
Gholamhossein Ramezani Nasser Valaie Vahid Rakhshan |
author_sort |
Gholamhossein Ramezani |
title |
The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase study |
title_short |
The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase study |
title_full |
The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase study |
title_fullStr |
The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase study |
title_full_unstemmed |
The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase study |
title_sort |
effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five iran provinces: a multi-center two-phase study |
publisher |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
series |
Dental Research Journal |
issn |
1735-3327 2008-0255 |
publishDate |
2015-01-01 |
description |
Background: Water fluoride level is unknown in many regions of Iran. Besides, only few non-controlled studies world-wide have assessed the effect of water fluoride on dental fluorosis and caries. We aimed to measure the fluoride level of 76 water supplies in 54 cities and evaluate the effect of fluoride on dental caries and fluorosis in a large multi-project study.
Materials and Methods: In the first phase (cross-sectional), fluoride levels of 76 water tanks in 54 cities/villages in five provinces of Iran were randomly evaluated in five subprojects. In the second phase (retrospective cohort), 1127 middle school children (563 cohort and 564 control subjects) in the high and low ends of fluoride concentration in each subproject were visited. Their decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and fluorosis states were assessed. The data were analyzed using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and independent-samples t-test (α = 0.05).
Results: Mean fluoride level was 0.298 ± 0.340 mg/L in 54 cities/villages. Only eight water tanks had fluoride levels within the normal range and only one was higher than normal and the rest (67 tanks) were all at low levels. Overall, a significant association was observed between fluoride level and fluorosis. However, this was not the case in all areas, as in 2 of 5 provinces, the effect of fluoride on fluorosis was not confirmed. In 4 of the 5 areas studied, there was a significant link between fluoride level and DMFT.
Conclusion: Extremely low fluoride levels in Iran cities are an alarming finding and need attention. Higher fluoride is likely to reduce dental caries while increasing fluorosis. This finding was not confirmed in all the areas studied. |
topic |
Community fluorosis index Dean′s fluorosis index dental caries dental fluorosis water fluoride |
url |
http://www.drjjournal.net/article.asp?issn=1735-3327;year=2015;volume=12;issue=1;spage=31;epage=37;aulast=Ramezani |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT gholamhosseinramezani theeffectofwaterfluorideconcentrationondentalcariesandfluorosisinfiveiranprovincesamulticentertwophasestudy AT nasservalaie theeffectofwaterfluorideconcentrationondentalcariesandfluorosisinfiveiranprovincesamulticentertwophasestudy AT vahidrakhshan theeffectofwaterfluorideconcentrationondentalcariesandfluorosisinfiveiranprovincesamulticentertwophasestudy AT gholamhosseinramezani effectofwaterfluorideconcentrationondentalcariesandfluorosisinfiveiranprovincesamulticentertwophasestudy AT nasservalaie effectofwaterfluorideconcentrationondentalcariesandfluorosisinfiveiranprovincesamulticentertwophasestudy AT vahidrakhshan effectofwaterfluorideconcentrationondentalcariesandfluorosisinfiveiranprovincesamulticentertwophasestudy |
_version_ |
1725507168244858880 |