Streamflow Changes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1955–2040 and Their Implications
Human activities have substantially altered present-day flow regimes. The Headwater Area of the Yellow River (HAYR, above Huanghe’yan Hydrological Station, with a catchment area of 21,000 km<sup>2</sup> and an areal extent of alpine permafrost at ~86%) on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet P...
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2021-05-01
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record_format |
Article |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Qiang Ma Changlei Dai Huijun Jin Sihai Liang Victor F. Bense Yongchao Lan Sergey S. Marchenko Chuang Wang |
spellingShingle |
Qiang Ma Changlei Dai Huijun Jin Sihai Liang Victor F. Bense Yongchao Lan Sergey S. Marchenko Chuang Wang Streamflow Changes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1955–2040 and Their Implications Water warming climate streamflow data correction for damming streamflow forecasting artificial neural network time-series method Headwater Area of Yellow River |
author_facet |
Qiang Ma Changlei Dai Huijun Jin Sihai Liang Victor F. Bense Yongchao Lan Sergey S. Marchenko Chuang Wang |
author_sort |
Qiang Ma |
title |
Streamflow Changes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1955–2040 and Their Implications |
title_short |
Streamflow Changes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1955–2040 and Their Implications |
title_full |
Streamflow Changes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1955–2040 and Their Implications |
title_fullStr |
Streamflow Changes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1955–2040 and Their Implications |
title_full_unstemmed |
Streamflow Changes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1955–2040 and Their Implications |
title_sort |
streamflow changes in the headwater area of yellow river, ne qinghai-tibet plateau during 1955–2040 and their implications |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
Human activities have substantially altered present-day flow regimes. The Headwater Area of the Yellow River (HAYR, above Huanghe’yan Hydrological Station, with a catchment area of 21,000 km<sup>2</sup> and an areal extent of alpine permafrost at ~86%) on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest China has been undergoing extensive changes in streamflow regimes and groundwater dynamics, permafrost degradation, and ecological deterioration under a warming climate. In general, hydrological gauges provide reliable flow records over many decades and these data are extremely valuable for assessment of changing rates and trends of streamflow. In 1998–2003, the damming of the Yellow River by the First Hydropower Station of the HAYR complicated the examination of the relations between hydroclimatic variables and streamflow dynamics. In this study, the monthly streamflow rate of the Yellow River at Huanghe’yan is reconstructed for the period of 1955–2019 using the double mass curve method, and then the streamflow at Huagnhe’yan is forecasted for the next 20 years (2020–2040) using the Elman neural network time-series method. The dam construction (1998–2000) has caused a reduction of annual streamflow by 53.5–68.4%, and a more substantial reduction of 71.8–94.4% in the drier years (2003–2005), in the HAYR. The recent removal of the First Hydropower Station of the HAYR dam (September 2018) has boosted annual streamflow by 123–210% (2018–2019). Post-correction trends of annual maximum (Q<sub>Max</sub>) and minimum (Q<sub>Min</sub>) streamflow rates and the ratio of the Q<sub>Max</sub>/Q<sub>Min</sub> of the Yellow River in the HAYR (0.18 and 0.03 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup> and −0.04 yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively), in comparison with those of precorrection values (−0.11 and −0.004 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup> and 0.001 yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively), have more truthfully revealed a relatively large hydrological impact of degrading permafrost. Based on the Elman neural network model predictions, over the next 20 years, the increasing trend of flow in the HAYR would generally accelerate at a rate of 0.42 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>. Rising rates of spring (0.57 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>) and autumn (0.18 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>) discharge would see the benefits from an earlier snow-melt season and delayed arrival of winter conditions. This suggests a longer growing season, which indicates ameliorating phonology, soil nutrient availability, and hydrothermal environments for vegetation in the HAYR. These trends for hydrological and ecological changes in the HAYR may potentially improve ecological safety and water supplies security in the HAYR and downstream Yellow River basins. |
topic |
warming climate streamflow data correction for damming streamflow forecasting artificial neural network time-series method Headwater Area of Yellow River |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/10/1360 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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doaj-56f6c94bf47a48cda2d4752af0fbc4ed2021-06-01T00:00:48ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-05-01131360136010.3390/w13101360Streamflow Changes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1955–2040 and Their ImplicationsQiang Ma0Changlei Dai1Huijun Jin2Sihai Liang3Victor F. Bense4Yongchao Lan5Sergey S. Marchenko6Chuang Wang7Institute of Groundwater in Cold Regions, and School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150040, ChinaInstitute of Groundwater in Cold Regions, and School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150040, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaPermafrost Lab., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USAInstitute of Groundwater in Cold Regions, and School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150040, ChinaHuman activities have substantially altered present-day flow regimes. The Headwater Area of the Yellow River (HAYR, above Huanghe’yan Hydrological Station, with a catchment area of 21,000 km<sup>2</sup> and an areal extent of alpine permafrost at ~86%) on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest China has been undergoing extensive changes in streamflow regimes and groundwater dynamics, permafrost degradation, and ecological deterioration under a warming climate. In general, hydrological gauges provide reliable flow records over many decades and these data are extremely valuable for assessment of changing rates and trends of streamflow. In 1998–2003, the damming of the Yellow River by the First Hydropower Station of the HAYR complicated the examination of the relations between hydroclimatic variables and streamflow dynamics. In this study, the monthly streamflow rate of the Yellow River at Huanghe’yan is reconstructed for the period of 1955–2019 using the double mass curve method, and then the streamflow at Huagnhe’yan is forecasted for the next 20 years (2020–2040) using the Elman neural network time-series method. The dam construction (1998–2000) has caused a reduction of annual streamflow by 53.5–68.4%, and a more substantial reduction of 71.8–94.4% in the drier years (2003–2005), in the HAYR. The recent removal of the First Hydropower Station of the HAYR dam (September 2018) has boosted annual streamflow by 123–210% (2018–2019). Post-correction trends of annual maximum (Q<sub>Max</sub>) and minimum (Q<sub>Min</sub>) streamflow rates and the ratio of the Q<sub>Max</sub>/Q<sub>Min</sub> of the Yellow River in the HAYR (0.18 and 0.03 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup> and −0.04 yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively), in comparison with those of precorrection values (−0.11 and −0.004 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup> and 0.001 yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively), have more truthfully revealed a relatively large hydrological impact of degrading permafrost. Based on the Elman neural network model predictions, over the next 20 years, the increasing trend of flow in the HAYR would generally accelerate at a rate of 0.42 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>. Rising rates of spring (0.57 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>) and autumn (0.18 m<sup>3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>) discharge would see the benefits from an earlier snow-melt season and delayed arrival of winter conditions. This suggests a longer growing season, which indicates ameliorating phonology, soil nutrient availability, and hydrothermal environments for vegetation in the HAYR. These trends for hydrological and ecological changes in the HAYR may potentially improve ecological safety and water supplies security in the HAYR and downstream Yellow River basins.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/10/1360warming climatestreamflow data correction for dammingstreamflow forecastingartificial neural network time-series methodHeadwater Area of Yellow River |