Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets
The global source of lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub> (LNO<sub>x</sub>) is estimated by assimilating observations of NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, and CO measured by multiple satellite measurements into a chemical transpo...
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doaj-57bd877ce8964dea81b0947c430460682020-11-24T22:22:18ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242014-04-011473277330510.5194/acp-14-3277-2014Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data setsK. Miyazaki0H. J. Eskes1K. Sudo2C. Zhang3Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, JapanRoyal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Wilhelminalaan 10, 3732 GK, De Bilt, the NetherlandsGraduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, JapanInternational Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USAThe global source of lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub> (LNO<sub>x</sub>) is estimated by assimilating observations of NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, and CO measured by multiple satellite measurements into a chemical transport model. Included are observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instruments. The assimilation of multiple chemical data sets with different vertical sensitivity profiles provides comprehensive constraints on the global LNO<sub>x</sub> source while improving the representations of the entire chemical system affecting atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub>, including surface emissions and inflows from the stratosphere. The annual global LNO<sub>x</sub> source amount and NO production efficiency are estimated at 6.3 Tg N yr<sup>−1</sup> and 310 mol NO flash<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Sensitivity studies with perturbed satellite data sets, model and data assimilation settings lead to an error estimate of about 1.4 Tg N yr<sup>−1</sup> on this global LNO<sub>x</sub> source. These estimates are significantly different from those estimated from a parameter inversion that optimizes only the LNO<sub>x</sub> source from NO<sub>2</sub> observations alone, which may lead to an overestimate of the source adjustment. The total LNO<sub>x</sub> source is predominantly corrected by the assimilation of OMI NO<sub>2</sub> observations, while TES and MLS observations add important constraints on the vertical source profile. The results indicate that the widely used lightning parameterization based on the C-shape assumption underestimates the source in the upper troposphere and overestimates the peak source height by up to about 1 km over land and the tropical western Pacific. Adjustments are larger over ocean than over land, suggesting that the cloud height dependence is too weak over the ocean in the Price and Rind (1992) approach. The significantly improved agreement between the analyzed ozone fields and independent observations gives confidence in the performance of the LNO<sub>x</sub> source estimation.http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/3277/2014/acp-14-3277-2014.pdf |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
K. Miyazaki H. J. Eskes K. Sudo C. Zhang |
spellingShingle |
K. Miyazaki H. J. Eskes K. Sudo C. Zhang Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
author_facet |
K. Miyazaki H. J. Eskes K. Sudo C. Zhang |
author_sort |
K. Miyazaki |
title |
Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets |
title_short |
Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets |
title_full |
Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets |
title_fullStr |
Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets |
title_full_unstemmed |
Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets |
title_sort |
global lightning no<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
series |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
issn |
1680-7316 1680-7324 |
publishDate |
2014-04-01 |
description |
The global source of lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub> (LNO<sub>x</sub>) is
estimated by assimilating observations of NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>,
HNO<sub>3</sub>, and CO measured by multiple satellite measurements into
a chemical transport model. Included are observations from the Ozone
Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Tropospheric
Emission Spectrometer (TES), and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere
(MOPITT) instruments. The assimilation of multiple chemical data sets with
different vertical sensitivity profiles provides comprehensive constraints on
the global LNO<sub>x</sub> source while improving the representations of the
entire chemical system affecting atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub>, including surface
emissions and inflows from the stratosphere. The annual global LNO<sub>x</sub>
source amount and NO production efficiency are estimated at
6.3 Tg N yr<sup>−1</sup> and 310 mol NO flash<sup>−1</sup>, respectively.
Sensitivity studies with perturbed satellite data sets, model and data
assimilation settings lead to an error estimate of about
1.4 Tg N yr<sup>−1</sup> on this global LNO<sub>x</sub> source. These
estimates are significantly different from those estimated from a parameter
inversion that optimizes only the LNO<sub>x</sub> source from NO<sub>2</sub>
observations alone, which may lead to an overestimate of the source
adjustment. The total LNO<sub>x</sub> source is predominantly corrected by the
assimilation of OMI NO<sub>2</sub> observations, while TES and MLS observations
add important constraints on the vertical source profile. The results
indicate that the widely used lightning parameterization based on the C-shape
assumption underestimates the source in the upper troposphere and
overestimates the peak source height by up to about 1 km over land
and the tropical western Pacific. Adjustments are larger over ocean than over
land, suggesting that the cloud height dependence is too weak over the ocean
in the Price and Rind (1992) approach. The significantly improved agreement
between the analyzed ozone fields and independent observations gives
confidence in the performance of the LNO<sub>x</sub> source estimation. |
url |
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/3277/2014/acp-14-3277-2014.pdf |
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