Cytogenomic characterization of a de novo 4q34.1 deletion in a girl with mild dysmorphic features and a coagulation disorder

• Main Authors: Juan Pablo Meza-Espinoza, José Alfredo Contreras-Gutiérrez, Eliakym Arámbula-Meraz, Juan Ramón González-García, Ma. Guadalupe Domínguez-Quezada, Noemí García-Magallanes, Jesús Madueña-Molina, Julio Benítez-Pascual, Miriam Partida-Pérez, Verónica Judith Picos-Cárdenas
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2021-09-01
• Series: Molecular Cytogenetics
• Subjects: Chromosome 4; de novo 4q deletion; Cytogenomic characterization; aCGH; Clinical heterogeneity
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13039-021-00564-z

Abstract Background 4q deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that mostly arises de novo. The syndrome is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism, digital abnormalities, skeletal alterations, heart malformations, developmental delay, growth retardation, Pierre Robin sequence, autistic spectrum and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, although not every patient shows the same features. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) use improves the detection of tiny chromosomal deletions and allows for a better understanding of genotype–phenotype correlations in affected patients. We report the case of a 6-year-old female patient showing mild dysmorphic features, mild mental disabilities and a coagulation disorder as a consequence of a de novo del(4)(q34.1) characterized by aCGH. Case presentation A 6-year-old female patient exhibited special craniofacial features, such as backward-rotated ears, upslanted palpebral fissures, broad nasal bridges, anteverted nares, broad nasal alae, smooth philtrums, smooth nasolabial folds, thin lips, horizontal labial commissures, and retrognathia. In the oral cavity, maxillary deformation, a high arched palate, agenesis of both mandibular canines and fusion of two mandibular incisors were observed. She also displayed bilateral implantation of the proximal thumbs, widely spaced nipples, dorsal kyphosis, hyperlordosis, and clitoral hypertrophy. In addition, the patient presented with coagulopathy, psychomotor delay, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and mild mental disability. A chromosomal study showed the karyotype 46,XX,del(4)(q34.1), while an aCGH analysis revealed an 18.9 Mb deletion of a chromosome 4q subtelomeric region spanning 93 known genes. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of this patient were similar to those reported in other individuals with 4q deletion syndrome. Although most of the patients with a 4q34 terminal deletion share similarities, variations in phenotype are also common. In general, clinical effects of chromosomal deletion syndromes depend on the length of the deleted chromosomal segment and, consequently, on the number of lost genes; however, in all of these syndromes, there is no simple correlation between the phenotype and the chromosomal region involved, particularly in cases of 4q deletion.