Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer
This paper aims to study the dynamics of immune suppressors/checkpoints, immune system, and BCG in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are some of the exa...
Main Authors: | , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Hindawi Limited
2017-01-01
|
Series: | Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine |
Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3573082 |
id |
doaj-5ae001d2612e49eb8172041d07dfcba1 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-5ae001d2612e49eb8172041d07dfcba12020-11-24T21:05:27ZengHindawi LimitedComputational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine1748-670X1748-67182017-01-01201710.1155/2017/35730823573082Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder CancerFarouk Tijjani Saad0Evren Hincal1Bilgen Kaymakamzade2Department of Mathematics, Near East University, North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Mersin 10, TurkeyDepartment of Mathematics, Near East University, North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Mersin 10, TurkeyDepartment of Mathematics, Near East University, North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Mersin 10, TurkeyThis paper aims to study the dynamics of immune suppressors/checkpoints, immune system, and BCG in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are some of the examples of immune suppressors/checkpoints. They are responsible for deactivating the immune system and enhancing immunological tolerance. Moreover, they categorically downregulate and suppress the immune system by preventing and blocking the activation of T-cells, which in turn decreases autoimmunity and enhances self-tolerance. In cancer immunotherapy, the immune checkpoints/suppressors prevent and block the immune cells from attacking, spreading, and killing the cancer cells, which leads to cancer growth and development. We formulate a mathematical model that studies three possible dynamics of the treatment and establish the effects of the immune checkpoints on the immune system and the treatment at large. Although the effect cannot be seen explicitly in the analysis of the model, we show it by numerical simulations.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3573082 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Farouk Tijjani Saad Evren Hincal Bilgen Kaymakamzade |
spellingShingle |
Farouk Tijjani Saad Evren Hincal Bilgen Kaymakamzade Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine |
author_facet |
Farouk Tijjani Saad Evren Hincal Bilgen Kaymakamzade |
author_sort |
Farouk Tijjani Saad |
title |
Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer |
title_short |
Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer |
title_full |
Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer |
title_fullStr |
Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer |
title_full_unstemmed |
Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer |
title_sort |
dynamics of immune checkpoints, immune system, and bcg in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer |
publisher |
Hindawi Limited |
series |
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine |
issn |
1748-670X 1748-6718 |
publishDate |
2017-01-01 |
description |
This paper aims to study the dynamics of immune suppressors/checkpoints, immune system, and BCG in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are some of the examples of immune suppressors/checkpoints. They are responsible for deactivating the immune system and enhancing immunological tolerance. Moreover, they categorically downregulate and suppress the immune system by preventing and blocking the activation of T-cells, which in turn decreases autoimmunity and enhances self-tolerance. In cancer immunotherapy, the immune checkpoints/suppressors prevent and block the immune cells from attacking, spreading, and killing the cancer cells, which leads to cancer growth and development. We formulate a mathematical model that studies three possible dynamics of the treatment and establish the effects of the immune checkpoints on the immune system and the treatment at large. Although the effect cannot be seen explicitly in the analysis of the model, we show it by numerical simulations. |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3573082 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT farouktijjanisaad dynamicsofimmunecheckpointsimmunesystemandbcginthetreatmentofsuperficialbladdercancer AT evrenhincal dynamicsofimmunecheckpointsimmunesystemandbcginthetreatmentofsuperficialbladdercancer AT bilgenkaymakamzade dynamicsofimmunecheckpointsimmunesystemandbcginthetreatmentofsuperficialbladdercancer |
_version_ |
1716768738806595584 |