| Summary: | Localizing noncooperative <italic>transmitter</italic> (Tx) and <italic>receiver</italic> (Rx) that belong to another system is important in many scenarios, e.g., interference management in cognitive radio systems and user behavior learning in ad hoc wireless networks. However, obtaining the locations of these nodes in particular in <italic>frequency-division duplex</italic> systems is challenging, since the localization network usually does not know the spectrum that the Rx uses for backward transmission. In this paper, we propose to use the full-duplex relay technique to localize a noncooperative Rx, which does not require the knowledge of the Rx’s backward transmission spectrum. In the proposed method, localization sensors alternatively act as a full-duplex <italic>amplify-and-forward</italic> relay to trigger the power control of the Tx–Rx link. Then, by detecting the power adjustment of the Tx, each localization sensor can estimate the <italic>time difference of arrival</italic> between the direct and relay signals. Finally, the Rx location can be calculated from triangulation. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively localize the Rx, which validates its potential for receiver-aware applications and services.
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