Highly Efficient <i>n</i>-Type Doping of Graphene by Vacuum Annealed Amine-Rich Macromolecules
Flexible transparent conducting electrodes (FTCE) are an essential component of next-generation flexible optoelectronic devices. Graphene is expected to be a promising material for the FTCE, because of its high transparency, large charge carrier mobilities, and outstanding chemical and mechanical st...
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doaj-5c8a86e10c3b474fab9139d2ce42735d2020-11-25T03:10:03ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442020-05-01132166216610.3390/ma13092166Highly Efficient <i>n</i>-Type Doping of Graphene by Vacuum Annealed Amine-Rich MacromoleculesYoung-Min Seo0Wonseok Jang1Taejun Gu2Dongmok Whang3School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaSchool of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaSchool of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaSchool of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaFlexible transparent conducting electrodes (FTCE) are an essential component of next-generation flexible optoelectronic devices. Graphene is expected to be a promising material for the FTCE, because of its high transparency, large charge carrier mobilities, and outstanding chemical and mechanical stability. However, the electrical conductivity of graphene is still not good enough to be used as the electrode of an FTCE, which hinders its practical application. In this study, graphene was heavily <i>n</i>-type doped while maintaining high transmittance by adsorbing amine-rich macromolecules to graphene. The <i>n</i>-type charge-transfer doping of graphene was maximized by increasing the density of free amine in the macromolecule through a vacuum annealing process. The graphene adsorbed with the <i>n</i>-type dopants was stacked twice, resulting in a graphene FTCE with a sheet resistance of 38 ohm/sq and optical transmittance of 94.1%. The figure of merit (FoM) of the graphene electrode is as high as 158, which is significantly higher than the minimum standard for commercially available transparent electrodes (FoM = 35) as well as graphene electrodes doped with previously reported chemical doping methods. Furthermore, the <i>n</i>-doped graphene electrodes not only show outstanding flexibility but also maintain the doping effect even in high temperature (500 K) and high vacuum (~10<sup>−6</sup> torr) conditions. These results show that the graphene doping proposed in this study is a promising approach for graphene-based next-generation FTCEs.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/9/2166flexible transparent conducting electrodesgraphenedopingcharge transfersheet resistancetransmittance |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Young-Min Seo Wonseok Jang Taejun Gu Dongmok Whang |
spellingShingle |
Young-Min Seo Wonseok Jang Taejun Gu Dongmok Whang Highly Efficient <i>n</i>-Type Doping of Graphene by Vacuum Annealed Amine-Rich Macromolecules Materials flexible transparent conducting electrodes graphene doping charge transfer sheet resistance transmittance |
author_facet |
Young-Min Seo Wonseok Jang Taejun Gu Dongmok Whang |
author_sort |
Young-Min Seo |
title |
Highly Efficient <i>n</i>-Type Doping of Graphene by Vacuum Annealed Amine-Rich Macromolecules |
title_short |
Highly Efficient <i>n</i>-Type Doping of Graphene by Vacuum Annealed Amine-Rich Macromolecules |
title_full |
Highly Efficient <i>n</i>-Type Doping of Graphene by Vacuum Annealed Amine-Rich Macromolecules |
title_fullStr |
Highly Efficient <i>n</i>-Type Doping of Graphene by Vacuum Annealed Amine-Rich Macromolecules |
title_full_unstemmed |
Highly Efficient <i>n</i>-Type Doping of Graphene by Vacuum Annealed Amine-Rich Macromolecules |
title_sort |
highly efficient <i>n</i>-type doping of graphene by vacuum annealed amine-rich macromolecules |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Materials |
issn |
1996-1944 |
publishDate |
2020-05-01 |
description |
Flexible transparent conducting electrodes (FTCE) are an essential component of next-generation flexible optoelectronic devices. Graphene is expected to be a promising material for the FTCE, because of its high transparency, large charge carrier mobilities, and outstanding chemical and mechanical stability. However, the electrical conductivity of graphene is still not good enough to be used as the electrode of an FTCE, which hinders its practical application. In this study, graphene was heavily <i>n</i>-type doped while maintaining high transmittance by adsorbing amine-rich macromolecules to graphene. The <i>n</i>-type charge-transfer doping of graphene was maximized by increasing the density of free amine in the macromolecule through a vacuum annealing process. The graphene adsorbed with the <i>n</i>-type dopants was stacked twice, resulting in a graphene FTCE with a sheet resistance of 38 ohm/sq and optical transmittance of 94.1%. The figure of merit (FoM) of the graphene electrode is as high as 158, which is significantly higher than the minimum standard for commercially available transparent electrodes (FoM = 35) as well as graphene electrodes doped with previously reported chemical doping methods. Furthermore, the <i>n</i>-doped graphene electrodes not only show outstanding flexibility but also maintain the doping effect even in high temperature (500 K) and high vacuum (~10<sup>−6</sup> torr) conditions. These results show that the graphene doping proposed in this study is a promising approach for graphene-based next-generation FTCEs. |
topic |
flexible transparent conducting electrodes graphene doping charge transfer sheet resistance transmittance |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/9/2166 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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