Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes
Early detection of prostate cancer (PC) is largely carried out using assessment of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level; yet it cannot reliably discriminate between benign pathologies and clinically significant forms of PC. To overcome the current limitations of PSA, new urinary and serum biomarker...
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doaj-5d80db43e95e44e1bd14bf3a9b726aa62021-04-22T23:01:52ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01224367436710.3390/ijms22094367Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and ExosomesStefano Salciccia0Anna Laura Capriotti1Aldo Laganà2Stefano Fais3Mariantonia Logozzi4Ettore De Berardinis5Gian Maria Busetto6Giovanni Battista Di Pierro7Gian Piero Ricciuti8Francesco Del Giudice9Alessandro Sciarra10Peter R. Carroll11Matthew R. Cooperberg12Beatrice Sciarra13Martina Maggi14Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USADepartment of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USADepartment of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, ItalyEarly detection of prostate cancer (PC) is largely carried out using assessment of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level; yet it cannot reliably discriminate between benign pathologies and clinically significant forms of PC. To overcome the current limitations of PSA, new urinary and serum biomarkers have been developed in recent years. Although several biomarkers have been explored in various scenarios and patient settings, to date, specific guidelines with a high level of evidence on the use of these markers are lacking. Recent advances in metabolomic, genomics, and proteomics have made new potential biomarkers available. A number of studies focused on the characterization of the specific PC metabolic phenotype using different experimental approaches has been recently reported; yet, to date, research on metabolomic application for PC has focused on a small group of metabolites that have been known to be related to the prostate gland. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are secreted from all mammalian cells and virtually detected in all bio-fluids, thus allowing their use as tumor biomarkers. Thanks to a general improvement of the technical equipment to analyze exosomes, we are able to obtain reliable quantitative and qualitative information useful for clinical application. Although some pilot clinical investigations have proposed potential PC biomarkers, data are still preliminary and non-conclusive.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4367prostate cancerbiomarkersmetabolomicsexosomesearly diagnosis |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Stefano Salciccia Anna Laura Capriotti Aldo Laganà Stefano Fais Mariantonia Logozzi Ettore De Berardinis Gian Maria Busetto Giovanni Battista Di Pierro Gian Piero Ricciuti Francesco Del Giudice Alessandro Sciarra Peter R. Carroll Matthew R. Cooperberg Beatrice Sciarra Martina Maggi |
spellingShingle |
Stefano Salciccia Anna Laura Capriotti Aldo Laganà Stefano Fais Mariantonia Logozzi Ettore De Berardinis Gian Maria Busetto Giovanni Battista Di Pierro Gian Piero Ricciuti Francesco Del Giudice Alessandro Sciarra Peter R. Carroll Matthew R. Cooperberg Beatrice Sciarra Martina Maggi Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes International Journal of Molecular Sciences prostate cancer biomarkers metabolomics exosomes early diagnosis |
author_facet |
Stefano Salciccia Anna Laura Capriotti Aldo Laganà Stefano Fais Mariantonia Logozzi Ettore De Berardinis Gian Maria Busetto Giovanni Battista Di Pierro Gian Piero Ricciuti Francesco Del Giudice Alessandro Sciarra Peter R. Carroll Matthew R. Cooperberg Beatrice Sciarra Martina Maggi |
author_sort |
Stefano Salciccia |
title |
Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes |
title_short |
Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes |
title_full |
Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes |
title_fullStr |
Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes |
title_full_unstemmed |
Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes |
title_sort |
biomarkers in prostate cancer diagnosis: from current knowledge to the role of metabolomics and exosomes |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
Early detection of prostate cancer (PC) is largely carried out using assessment of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level; yet it cannot reliably discriminate between benign pathologies and clinically significant forms of PC. To overcome the current limitations of PSA, new urinary and serum biomarkers have been developed in recent years. Although several biomarkers have been explored in various scenarios and patient settings, to date, specific guidelines with a high level of evidence on the use of these markers are lacking. Recent advances in metabolomic, genomics, and proteomics have made new potential biomarkers available. A number of studies focused on the characterization of the specific PC metabolic phenotype using different experimental approaches has been recently reported; yet, to date, research on metabolomic application for PC has focused on a small group of metabolites that have been known to be related to the prostate gland. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are secreted from all mammalian cells and virtually detected in all bio-fluids, thus allowing their use as tumor biomarkers. Thanks to a general improvement of the technical equipment to analyze exosomes, we are able to obtain reliable quantitative and qualitative information useful for clinical application. Although some pilot clinical investigations have proposed potential PC biomarkers, data are still preliminary and non-conclusive. |
topic |
prostate cancer biomarkers metabolomics exosomes early diagnosis |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4367 |
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