The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes
Vitamin D may influence iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, whereas iron is essential for vitamin D synthesis. We examined whether vitamin D deficiencies (VDD) are associated with reduced iron status and whether progressive iron deficiency (ID) is accompanied by inferior vitamin D status. The study...
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doaj-5da76656cddf41d79853eaace7e44a942020-11-24T23:04:22ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432018-01-0110216710.3390/nu10020167nu10020167The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite AthletesJadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska0Dariusz Sitkowski1Olga Surała2Joanna Orysiak3Beata Szczepańska4Konrad Witek5Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, PolandVitamin D may influence iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, whereas iron is essential for vitamin D synthesis. We examined whether vitamin D deficiencies (VDD) are associated with reduced iron status and whether progressive iron deficiency (ID) is accompanied by inferior vitamin D status. The study included 219 healthy female (14–34 years old) athletes. VDD was defined as a 25(OH)D concentration < 75 nmol/L. ID was classified based on ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and blood morphology indices. The percentage of ID subjects was higher (32%) in the VDD group than in the 25(OH)D sufficient group (11%) (χ2 = 10.6; p = 0.001). The percentage of VDD subjects was higher (75%) in the ID than in the normal iron status group (48%) (χ2 = 15.6; p = 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) for VDD increased from 1.75 (95% CI 1.02–2.99; p = 0.040) to 4.6 (95% CI 1.81–11.65; p = 0.001) with progressing iron deficiency. ID was dependent on VDD in both VDD groups (25(OH)D < 75 and < 50 nmol/L). The ID group had a lower 25(OH)D concentration (p = 0.000). The VDD group had lower ferritin (p = 0.043) and iron (p = 0.004) concentrations and higher values of TIBC (p = 0.016) and sTfR (p = 0.001). The current results confirm the association between vitamin D and iron status in female athletes, although it is difficult to assess exactly which of these nutrients exerts a stronger influence over the other.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/2/167iron status25(OH)Dvitamin D statusmutual relationshipshealthy femaleathletes |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska Dariusz Sitkowski Olga Surała Joanna Orysiak Beata Szczepańska Konrad Witek |
spellingShingle |
Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska Dariusz Sitkowski Olga Surała Joanna Orysiak Beata Szczepańska Konrad Witek The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes Nutrients iron status 25(OH)D vitamin D status mutual relationships healthy female athletes |
author_facet |
Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska Dariusz Sitkowski Olga Surała Joanna Orysiak Beata Szczepańska Konrad Witek |
author_sort |
Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska |
title |
The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes |
title_short |
The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes |
title_full |
The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes |
title_fullStr |
The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes |
title_sort |
association between iron and vitamin d status in female elite athletes |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nutrients |
issn |
2072-6643 |
publishDate |
2018-01-01 |
description |
Vitamin D may influence iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, whereas iron is essential for vitamin D synthesis. We examined whether vitamin D deficiencies (VDD) are associated with reduced iron status and whether progressive iron deficiency (ID) is accompanied by inferior vitamin D status. The study included 219 healthy female (14–34 years old) athletes. VDD was defined as a 25(OH)D concentration < 75 nmol/L. ID was classified based on ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and blood morphology indices. The percentage of ID subjects was higher (32%) in the VDD group than in the 25(OH)D sufficient group (11%) (χ2 = 10.6; p = 0.001). The percentage of VDD subjects was higher (75%) in the ID than in the normal iron status group (48%) (χ2 = 15.6; p = 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) for VDD increased from 1.75 (95% CI 1.02–2.99; p = 0.040) to 4.6 (95% CI 1.81–11.65; p = 0.001) with progressing iron deficiency. ID was dependent on VDD in both VDD groups (25(OH)D < 75 and < 50 nmol/L). The ID group had a lower 25(OH)D concentration (p = 0.000). The VDD group had lower ferritin (p = 0.043) and iron (p = 0.004) concentrations and higher values of TIBC (p = 0.016) and sTfR (p = 0.001). The current results confirm the association between vitamin D and iron status in female athletes, although it is difficult to assess exactly which of these nutrients exerts a stronger influence over the other. |
topic |
iron status 25(OH)D vitamin D status mutual relationships healthy female athletes |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/2/167 |
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