Particle and gaseous emissions from individual diesel and CNG buses

• Main Authors: Å. M. Hallquist, M. Jerksjö, H. Fallgren, J. Westerlund, Å. Sjödin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Copernicus Publications 2013-05-01
• Series: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
• Online Access: http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/5337/2013/acp-13-5337-2013.pdf

In this study size-resolved particle and gaseous emissions from 28 individual diesel-fuelled and 7 compressed natural gas (CNG)-fuelled buses, selected from an in-use bus fleet, were characterised for real-world dilution scenarios. The method used was based on using CO₂ as a tracer of exhaust gas dilution. The particles were sampled by using an extractive sampling method and analysed with high time resolution instrumentation EEPS (10 Hz) and CO₂ with a non-dispersive infrared gas analyser (LI-840, LI-COR Inc. 1 Hz). The gaseous constituents (CO, HC and NO) were measured by using a remote sensing device (AccuScan RSD 3000, Environmental System Products Inc.). Nitrogen oxides, NO_x, were estimated from NO by using default NO₂/NO_x ratios from the road vehicle emission model HBEFA3.1. The buses studied were diesel-fuelled Euro III–V and CNG-fuelled Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicles (EEVs) with different after-treatment, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and with and without diesel particulate filter (DPF). The primary driving mode applied in this study was accelerating mode. However, regarding the particle emissions also a constant speed mode was analysed. The investigated CNG buses emitted on average a higher number of particles but less mass compared to the diesel-fuelled buses. Emission factors for number of particles (EF_PN) were EF_{PN, DPF} = 4.4 ± 3.5 × 10¹⁴, EF_{PN, no DPF} = 2.1 ± 1.0 × 10¹⁵ and EF_{PN, CNG} = 7.8 ± 5.7 ×10¹⁵ kg fuel^−1. In the accelerating mode, size-resolved emission factors (EFs) showed unimodal number size distributions with peak diameters of 70–90 nm and 10 nm for diesel and CNG buses, respectively. For the constant speed mode, bimodal average number size distributions were obtained for the diesel buses with peak modes of ~10 nm and ~60 nm. Emission factors for NO_x expressed as NO₂ equivalents for the diesel buses were on average 27 ± 7 g (kg fuel)⁻¹ and for the CNG buses 41 ± 26 g (kg fuel)⁻¹. An anti-relationship between EF_{NO_x} and EF_PM was observed especially for buses with no DPF, and there was a positive relationship between EF_PM and EF_CO.