Rationalization of Altitudinal Precipitation Profiles in a Data-Scarce Glacierized Watershed Simulation in the Karakoram
Due to the scarcity of field observations and geodetic measurements in catchments in the Karakoram Mountains in Western China, obtaining precipitation data for the high mountains involves large uncertainties and difficulties. In this study, we used a functional relationship between the annual glacie...
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doaj-60de0d79595440949968ab5f75dfb26d2020-11-24T21:23:43ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412016-05-018518610.3390/w8050186w8050186Rationalization of Altitudinal Precipitation Profiles in a Data-Scarce Glacierized Watershed Simulation in the KarakoramXiaolei Wang0Lin Sun1Yiqing Zhang2Yi Luo3Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, ChinaKey Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, ChinaKey Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, ChinaKey Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, ChinaDue to the scarcity of field observations and geodetic measurements in catchments in the Karakoram Mountains in Western China, obtaining precipitation data for the high mountains involves large uncertainties and difficulties. In this study, we used a functional relationship between the annual glacier accumulation and summer temperature at the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) to derive precipitation lapse rates (PLAPSs) in a data-scarce watershed. These data were used in a modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model with a glacier module to simulate glacio-hydrological processes in the Yarkant River basin in the Karakoram. The PLAPS based on the widely-used grid datasets considerably underestimated precipitation, yielding an unreasonable watershed water balance and inaccurate glacier changes. However, the ELA-based PLAPS improved the simulation significantly. In the Yarkant River basin, the annual precipitation reached a peak of 800–1000 mm at approximately 5300 m a.s.l. The model simulations indicated that the contributions of glacier melt and ice melt to total runoff were 52% and 31%, respectively. Moreover, a significant precipitation increase and a non-significant temperature increase during the melt season may be the major reasons for the decreased ice melt and slower glacier shrinkage on the northern slope of the Karakoram during the period of 1968–2007.http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/5/186precipitation lapse rateshigh-elevation precipitationELASWATKarakoram |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Xiaolei Wang Lin Sun Yiqing Zhang Yi Luo |
spellingShingle |
Xiaolei Wang Lin Sun Yiqing Zhang Yi Luo Rationalization of Altitudinal Precipitation Profiles in a Data-Scarce Glacierized Watershed Simulation in the Karakoram Water precipitation lapse rates high-elevation precipitation ELA SWAT Karakoram |
author_facet |
Xiaolei Wang Lin Sun Yiqing Zhang Yi Luo |
author_sort |
Xiaolei Wang |
title |
Rationalization of Altitudinal Precipitation Profiles in a Data-Scarce Glacierized Watershed Simulation in the Karakoram |
title_short |
Rationalization of Altitudinal Precipitation Profiles in a Data-Scarce Glacierized Watershed Simulation in the Karakoram |
title_full |
Rationalization of Altitudinal Precipitation Profiles in a Data-Scarce Glacierized Watershed Simulation in the Karakoram |
title_fullStr |
Rationalization of Altitudinal Precipitation Profiles in a Data-Scarce Glacierized Watershed Simulation in the Karakoram |
title_full_unstemmed |
Rationalization of Altitudinal Precipitation Profiles in a Data-Scarce Glacierized Watershed Simulation in the Karakoram |
title_sort |
rationalization of altitudinal precipitation profiles in a data-scarce glacierized watershed simulation in the karakoram |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2016-05-01 |
description |
Due to the scarcity of field observations and geodetic measurements in catchments in the Karakoram Mountains in Western China, obtaining precipitation data for the high mountains involves large uncertainties and difficulties. In this study, we used a functional relationship between the annual glacier accumulation and summer temperature at the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) to derive precipitation lapse rates (PLAPSs) in a data-scarce watershed. These data were used in a modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model with a glacier module to simulate glacio-hydrological processes in the Yarkant River basin in the Karakoram. The PLAPS based on the widely-used grid datasets considerably underestimated precipitation, yielding an unreasonable watershed water balance and inaccurate glacier changes. However, the ELA-based PLAPS improved the simulation significantly. In the Yarkant River basin, the annual precipitation reached a peak of 800–1000 mm at approximately 5300 m a.s.l. The model simulations indicated that the contributions of glacier melt and ice melt to total runoff were 52% and 31%, respectively. Moreover, a significant precipitation increase and a non-significant temperature increase during the melt season may be the major reasons for the decreased ice melt and slower glacier shrinkage on the northern slope of the Karakoram during the period of 1968–2007. |
topic |
precipitation lapse rates high-elevation precipitation ELA SWAT Karakoram |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/5/186 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT xiaoleiwang rationalizationofaltitudinalprecipitationprofilesinadatascarceglacierizedwatershedsimulationinthekarakoram AT linsun rationalizationofaltitudinalprecipitationprofilesinadatascarceglacierizedwatershedsimulationinthekarakoram AT yiqingzhang rationalizationofaltitudinalprecipitationprofilesinadatascarceglacierizedwatershedsimulationinthekarakoram AT yiluo rationalizationofaltitudinalprecipitationprofilesinadatascarceglacierizedwatershedsimulationinthekarakoram |
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