Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>

This study evaluated the effect of seasonal variation on the physicochemical, biochemical, and nutritional composition of <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>. Sampling was designed during the main monsoon seasons in Malaysia—the Southwest monsoon (SWM) and Northeast monsoon (NEM)—to understand...

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Main Authors: Abdul Qudus Aroyehun, Kishneth Palaniveloo, Farid Ghazali, Mohammed Rizman-Idid, Shariza Abdul Razak
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2019-09-01
Series:Molecules
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/18/3298
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spelling doaj-61d64f591d7a4067a7830c6d8bdcb4582020-11-24T21:59:50ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-09-012418329810.3390/molecules24183298molecules24183298Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>Abdul Qudus Aroyehun0Kishneth Palaniveloo1Farid Ghazali2Mohammed Rizman-Idid3Shariza Abdul Razak4Nutrition and Dietetics Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaInstitute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaBiomedicine Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaInstitute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaNutrition and Dietetics Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaThis study evaluated the effect of seasonal variation on the physicochemical, biochemical, and nutritional composition of <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>. Sampling was designed during the main monsoon seasons in Malaysia—the Southwest monsoon (SWM) and Northeast monsoon (NEM)—to understand the intraspecific variation (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fiber were found to be higher in NEM–<i>G. manilaensis</i>, whereas a higher ash content was quantified in SWM–<i>G. manilaensis</i>. No significant differences were found in crude lipid and moisture content (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Vitamin B2 was calculated as (0.29 ± 0.06 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>) and (0.38 ± 0.06 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>) for the NEM and SWM samples, respectively (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The fatty acid profile showed the dominance of saturated fatty acids (SFAs)—palmitic acids, stearic acid, and myristic acid—while the mineral contents were found to be good sources of calcium (1750.97–4047.74 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>) and iron (1512.55–1346.05 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>). Tryptophan and lysine were recorded as the limiting essential amino acids (EAAs) in NEM <i>G. manilaensis</i>, while leucine and phenylalanine were found to be the limiting EAAs in the SWM samples. None of the extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against the screened strains. The study concluded that seasonal changes have a great effect on the biochemical composition of <i>G. manilaensis</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/18/3298<i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>seasonal variationphysicochemical propertiesnutritional propertiesmineral elementsanti-microbialheavy metals
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Abdul Qudus Aroyehun
Kishneth Palaniveloo
Farid Ghazali
Mohammed Rizman-Idid
Shariza Abdul Razak
spellingShingle Abdul Qudus Aroyehun
Kishneth Palaniveloo
Farid Ghazali
Mohammed Rizman-Idid
Shariza Abdul Razak
Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>
Molecules
<i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>
seasonal variation
physicochemical properties
nutritional properties
mineral elements
anti-microbial
heavy metals
author_facet Abdul Qudus Aroyehun
Kishneth Palaniveloo
Farid Ghazali
Mohammed Rizman-Idid
Shariza Abdul Razak
author_sort Abdul Qudus Aroyehun
title Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>
title_short Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>
title_full Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>
title_fullStr Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>
title_sort effects of seasonal variability on the physicochemical, biochemical, and nutritional composition of western peninsular malaysia <i>gracilaria manilaensis</i>
publisher MDPI AG
series Molecules
issn 1420-3049
publishDate 2019-09-01
description This study evaluated the effect of seasonal variation on the physicochemical, biochemical, and nutritional composition of <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>. Sampling was designed during the main monsoon seasons in Malaysia—the Southwest monsoon (SWM) and Northeast monsoon (NEM)—to understand the intraspecific variation (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fiber were found to be higher in NEM–<i>G. manilaensis</i>, whereas a higher ash content was quantified in SWM–<i>G. manilaensis</i>. No significant differences were found in crude lipid and moisture content (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Vitamin B2 was calculated as (0.29 ± 0.06 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>) and (0.38 ± 0.06 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>) for the NEM and SWM samples, respectively (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The fatty acid profile showed the dominance of saturated fatty acids (SFAs)—palmitic acids, stearic acid, and myristic acid—while the mineral contents were found to be good sources of calcium (1750.97–4047.74 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>) and iron (1512.55–1346.05 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>). Tryptophan and lysine were recorded as the limiting essential amino acids (EAAs) in NEM <i>G. manilaensis</i>, while leucine and phenylalanine were found to be the limiting EAAs in the SWM samples. None of the extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against the screened strains. The study concluded that seasonal changes have a great effect on the biochemical composition of <i>G. manilaensis</i>.
topic <i>Gracilaria manilaensis</i>
seasonal variation
physicochemical properties
nutritional properties
mineral elements
anti-microbial
heavy metals
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/18/3298
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