Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications

• Main Authors: Giulio Giovannetti, Alessandra Flori, Nicola Martini, Roberto Francischello, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Alessandro Pingitore, Francesca Frijia
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-07-01
• Series: Electronics
• Subjects: magnetic resonance; sodium imaging; radio frequency coils
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/15/1788

Sodium (²³Na) is the most abundant cation present in the human body and is involved in a large number of vital body functions. In the last few years, the interest in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging (²³Na MRI) has considerably increased for its relevance in physiological and physiopathological aspects. Indeed, sodium MRI offers the possibility to extend the anatomical imaging information by providing additional and complementary information on physiology and cellular metabolism with the heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Constraints are the rapidly decaying of sodium signal, the sensitivity lack due to the low sodium concentration versus ¹H-MRI induce scan times not clinically acceptable and it also constitutes a challenge for sodium MRI. With the available magnetic fields for clinical MRI scanners (1.5 T, 3 T, 7 T), and the hardware capabilities such as strong gradient strengths with high slew rates and new dedicated radiofrequency (RF) sodium coils, it is possible to reach reasonable measurement times (~10–15 min) with a resolution of a few millimeters, where it has already been applied in vivo in many human organs such as the brain, cartilage, kidneys, heart, as well as in muscle and the breast. In this work, we review the different geometries and setup of sodium coils described in the available literature for different in vivo applications in human organs with clinical MR scanners, by providing details of the design, modeling and construction of the coils.