Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications
Sodium (<sup>23</sup>Na) is the most abundant cation present in the human body and is involved in a large number of vital body functions. In the last few years, the interest in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging (<sup>23</sup>Na MRI) has considerably increased for its relevanc...
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doaj-636732ea27a146b3af83bdd07ef5e59b2021-08-06T15:21:08ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922021-07-01101788178810.3390/electronics10151788Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to ApplicationsGiulio Giovannetti0Alessandra Flori1Nicola Martini2Roberto Francischello3Giovanni Donato Aquaro4Alessandro Pingitore5Francesca Frijia6Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, ItalyU.O.C. Bioengineering and Clinical Technology, Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, ItalyU.O.C. Bioengineering and Clinical Technology, Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, ItalyU.O.C. Bioengineering and Clinical Technology, Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, ItalyFondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, ItalyInstitute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, ItalyU.O.C. Bioengineering and Clinical Technology, Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, ItalySodium (<sup>23</sup>Na) is the most abundant cation present in the human body and is involved in a large number of vital body functions. In the last few years, the interest in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging (<sup>23</sup>Na MRI) has considerably increased for its relevance in physiological and physiopathological aspects. Indeed, sodium MRI offers the possibility to extend the anatomical imaging information by providing additional and complementary information on physiology and cellular metabolism with the heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Constraints are the rapidly decaying of sodium signal, the sensitivity lack due to the low sodium concentration versus <sup>1</sup>H-MRI induce scan times not clinically acceptable and it also constitutes a challenge for sodium MRI. With the available magnetic fields for clinical MRI scanners (1.5 T, 3 T, 7 T), and the hardware capabilities such as strong gradient strengths with high slew rates and new dedicated radiofrequency (RF) sodium coils, it is possible to reach reasonable measurement times (~10–15 min) with a resolution of a few millimeters, where it has already been applied in vivo in many human organs such as the brain, cartilage, kidneys, heart, as well as in muscle and the breast. In this work, we review the different geometries and setup of sodium coils described in the available literature for different in vivo applications in human organs with clinical MR scanners, by providing details of the design, modeling and construction of the coils.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/15/1788magnetic resonancesodium imagingradio frequency coils |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Giulio Giovannetti Alessandra Flori Nicola Martini Roberto Francischello Giovanni Donato Aquaro Alessandro Pingitore Francesca Frijia |
spellingShingle |
Giulio Giovannetti Alessandra Flori Nicola Martini Roberto Francischello Giovanni Donato Aquaro Alessandro Pingitore Francesca Frijia Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications Electronics magnetic resonance sodium imaging radio frequency coils |
author_facet |
Giulio Giovannetti Alessandra Flori Nicola Martini Roberto Francischello Giovanni Donato Aquaro Alessandro Pingitore Francesca Frijia |
author_sort |
Giulio Giovannetti |
title |
Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications |
title_short |
Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications |
title_full |
Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications |
title_fullStr |
Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications |
title_full_unstemmed |
Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications |
title_sort |
sodium radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance: from design to applications |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Electronics |
issn |
2079-9292 |
publishDate |
2021-07-01 |
description |
Sodium (<sup>23</sup>Na) is the most abundant cation present in the human body and is involved in a large number of vital body functions. In the last few years, the interest in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging (<sup>23</sup>Na MRI) has considerably increased for its relevance in physiological and physiopathological aspects. Indeed, sodium MRI offers the possibility to extend the anatomical imaging information by providing additional and complementary information on physiology and cellular metabolism with the heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Constraints are the rapidly decaying of sodium signal, the sensitivity lack due to the low sodium concentration versus <sup>1</sup>H-MRI induce scan times not clinically acceptable and it also constitutes a challenge for sodium MRI. With the available magnetic fields for clinical MRI scanners (1.5 T, 3 T, 7 T), and the hardware capabilities such as strong gradient strengths with high slew rates and new dedicated radiofrequency (RF) sodium coils, it is possible to reach reasonable measurement times (~10–15 min) with a resolution of a few millimeters, where it has already been applied in vivo in many human organs such as the brain, cartilage, kidneys, heart, as well as in muscle and the breast. In this work, we review the different geometries and setup of sodium coils described in the available literature for different in vivo applications in human organs with clinical MR scanners, by providing details of the design, modeling and construction of the coils. |
topic |
magnetic resonance sodium imaging radio frequency coils |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/15/1788 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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