Photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectants
Abstract Background Real-time photoacoustic gas monitoring is used for personnel exposure and environmental monitoring, but its accuracy varies when organic solvents such as alcohol contaminate measurements. This is problematic for anesthetic gas measurements in hospitals, because most disinfectants...
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doaj-638f1f62a7634f5c849aeeb05550df1e2020-11-25T03:47:13ZengBMCBMC Anesthesiology1471-22532019-08-011911810.1186/s12871-019-0822-7Photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectantsJennifer Herzog-Niescery0Thomas Steffens1Martin Bellgardt2Andreas Breuer-Kaiser3Philipp Gude4Heike Vogelsang5Thomas Peter Weber6Hans-Martin Seipp7Department of Anesthesiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef HospitalDepartment of Life Science Engineering, University of Applied SciencesDepartment of Anesthesiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef HospitalDepartment of Anesthesiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef HospitalDepartment of Anesthesiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef HospitalDepartment of Anesthesiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef HospitalDepartment of Anesthesiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef HospitalDepartment of Life Science Engineering, University of Applied SciencesAbstract Background Real-time photoacoustic gas monitoring is used for personnel exposure and environmental monitoring, but its accuracy varies when organic solvents such as alcohol contaminate measurements. This is problematic for anesthetic gas measurements in hospitals, because most disinfectants contain alcohol, which could lead to false-high gas concentrations. We investigated the cross-sensitivities of the photoacoustic gas monitor Innova 1412 (AirTech Instruments, LumaSense, Denmark) against alcohols and alcoholic disinfectants while measuring sevoflurane, desflurane and isoflurane in a laboratory and in hospital during surgery. Methods 25 mL ethyl alcohol was distributed on a hotplate. An optical filter for isoflurane was used and the gas monitor measured the ‘isoflurane’ concentration for five minutes with the measuring probe fixed 30 cm above the hotplate. Then, 5 mL isoflurane was added vaporized via an Anesthetic Conserving Device (Sedana Medical, Uppsala, Sweden). After one-hour measurement, 25 mL isopropyl alcohol, N-propanol, and two alcoholic disinfectants were subsequently added, each in combination with 5 mL isoflurane. The same experiment was in turn performed for sevoflurane and desflurane. The practical impact of the cross-sensitivity was investigated on abdominal surgeons who were exposed intraoperatively to sevoflurane. A new approach to overcome the gas monitor’s cross-sensitivity is presented. Results Cross-sensitivity was observed for all alcohols and its strength characteristic for the tested agent. Simultaneous uses of anesthetic gases and alcohols increased the concentrations and the recovery times significantly, especially while sevoflurane was utilized. Intraoperative measurements revealed mean and maximum sevoflurane concentrations of 0.61 ± 0.26 ppm and 15.27 ± 14.62 ppm. We replaced the cross-sensitivity peaks with the 10th percentile baseline of the anesthetic gas concentration. This reduced mean and maximum concentrations significantly by 37% (p < 0.001) and 86% (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion Photoacoustic gas monitoring is useful to detect lowest anesthetic gases concentrations, but cross-sensitivity caused one third falsely high measured mean gas concentration. One possibility to eliminate these peaks is the recovery time-based baseline approach. Caution should be taken while measuring sevoflurane, since marked cross-sensitivity peaks are to be expected.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12871-019-0822-7Gas pollutionOccupational gas exposurePhotoacoustic gas monitoringCross-sensitivityIsofluraneSevoflurane |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jennifer Herzog-Niescery Thomas Steffens Martin Bellgardt Andreas Breuer-Kaiser Philipp Gude Heike Vogelsang Thomas Peter Weber Hans-Martin Seipp |
spellingShingle |
Jennifer Herzog-Niescery Thomas Steffens Martin Bellgardt Andreas Breuer-Kaiser Philipp Gude Heike Vogelsang Thomas Peter Weber Hans-Martin Seipp Photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectants BMC Anesthesiology Gas pollution Occupational gas exposure Photoacoustic gas monitoring Cross-sensitivity Isoflurane Sevoflurane |
author_facet |
Jennifer Herzog-Niescery Thomas Steffens Martin Bellgardt Andreas Breuer-Kaiser Philipp Gude Heike Vogelsang Thomas Peter Weber Hans-Martin Seipp |
author_sort |
Jennifer Herzog-Niescery |
title |
Photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectants |
title_short |
Photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectants |
title_full |
Photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectants |
title_fullStr |
Photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectants |
title_full_unstemmed |
Photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectants |
title_sort |
photoacoustic gas monitoring for anesthetic gas pollution measurements and its cross-sensitivity to alcoholic disinfectants |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
BMC Anesthesiology |
issn |
1471-2253 |
publishDate |
2019-08-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Real-time photoacoustic gas monitoring is used for personnel exposure and environmental monitoring, but its accuracy varies when organic solvents such as alcohol contaminate measurements. This is problematic for anesthetic gas measurements in hospitals, because most disinfectants contain alcohol, which could lead to false-high gas concentrations. We investigated the cross-sensitivities of the photoacoustic gas monitor Innova 1412 (AirTech Instruments, LumaSense, Denmark) against alcohols and alcoholic disinfectants while measuring sevoflurane, desflurane and isoflurane in a laboratory and in hospital during surgery. Methods 25 mL ethyl alcohol was distributed on a hotplate. An optical filter for isoflurane was used and the gas monitor measured the ‘isoflurane’ concentration for five minutes with the measuring probe fixed 30 cm above the hotplate. Then, 5 mL isoflurane was added vaporized via an Anesthetic Conserving Device (Sedana Medical, Uppsala, Sweden). After one-hour measurement, 25 mL isopropyl alcohol, N-propanol, and two alcoholic disinfectants were subsequently added, each in combination with 5 mL isoflurane. The same experiment was in turn performed for sevoflurane and desflurane. The practical impact of the cross-sensitivity was investigated on abdominal surgeons who were exposed intraoperatively to sevoflurane. A new approach to overcome the gas monitor’s cross-sensitivity is presented. Results Cross-sensitivity was observed for all alcohols and its strength characteristic for the tested agent. Simultaneous uses of anesthetic gases and alcohols increased the concentrations and the recovery times significantly, especially while sevoflurane was utilized. Intraoperative measurements revealed mean and maximum sevoflurane concentrations of 0.61 ± 0.26 ppm and 15.27 ± 14.62 ppm. We replaced the cross-sensitivity peaks with the 10th percentile baseline of the anesthetic gas concentration. This reduced mean and maximum concentrations significantly by 37% (p < 0.001) and 86% (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion Photoacoustic gas monitoring is useful to detect lowest anesthetic gases concentrations, but cross-sensitivity caused one third falsely high measured mean gas concentration. One possibility to eliminate these peaks is the recovery time-based baseline approach. Caution should be taken while measuring sevoflurane, since marked cross-sensitivity peaks are to be expected. |
topic |
Gas pollution Occupational gas exposure Photoacoustic gas monitoring Cross-sensitivity Isoflurane Sevoflurane |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12871-019-0822-7 |
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