Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery Acquisitions
Background: MR imaging of the spinal cord (SC) gray matter (GM) at the cervical and lumbar enlargements' level may be particularly informative in lower motor neuron disorders, e. g., spinal muscular atrophy, but also in other neurodegenerative or autoimmune diseases affecting the SC. Radially s...
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2021-03-01
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Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.637198/full |
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Article |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Eva M. Kesenheimer Eva M. Kesenheimer Eva M. Kesenheimer Maria Janina Wendebourg Maria Janina Wendebourg Maria Janina Wendebourg Matthias Weigel Matthias Weigel Matthias Weigel Claudia Weidensteiner Claudia Weidensteiner Tanja Haas Laura Richter Laura Richter Laura Richter Laura Sander Laura Sander Laura Sander Antal Horvath Muhamed Barakovic Muhamed Barakovic Philippe Cattin Cristina Granziera Cristina Granziera Cristina Granziera Oliver Bieri Oliver Bieri Regina Schlaeger Regina Schlaeger Regina Schlaeger |
spellingShingle |
Eva M. Kesenheimer Eva M. Kesenheimer Eva M. Kesenheimer Maria Janina Wendebourg Maria Janina Wendebourg Maria Janina Wendebourg Matthias Weigel Matthias Weigel Matthias Weigel Claudia Weidensteiner Claudia Weidensteiner Tanja Haas Laura Richter Laura Richter Laura Richter Laura Sander Laura Sander Laura Sander Antal Horvath Muhamed Barakovic Muhamed Barakovic Philippe Cattin Cristina Granziera Cristina Granziera Cristina Granziera Oliver Bieri Oliver Bieri Regina Schlaeger Regina Schlaeger Regina Schlaeger Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery Acquisitions Frontiers in Neurology spinal cord gray matter imaging MRI normalization inter-subject variability minors spinal muscular atrophy |
author_facet |
Eva M. Kesenheimer Eva M. Kesenheimer Eva M. Kesenheimer Maria Janina Wendebourg Maria Janina Wendebourg Maria Janina Wendebourg Matthias Weigel Matthias Weigel Matthias Weigel Claudia Weidensteiner Claudia Weidensteiner Tanja Haas Laura Richter Laura Richter Laura Richter Laura Sander Laura Sander Laura Sander Antal Horvath Muhamed Barakovic Muhamed Barakovic Philippe Cattin Cristina Granziera Cristina Granziera Cristina Granziera Oliver Bieri Oliver Bieri Regina Schlaeger Regina Schlaeger Regina Schlaeger |
author_sort |
Eva M. Kesenheimer |
title |
Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery Acquisitions |
title_short |
Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery Acquisitions |
title_full |
Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery Acquisitions |
title_fullStr |
Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery Acquisitions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery Acquisitions |
title_sort |
normalization of spinal cord total cross-sectional and gray matter areas as quantified with radially sampled averaged magnetization inversion recovery acquisitions |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Neurology |
issn |
1664-2295 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
Background: MR imaging of the spinal cord (SC) gray matter (GM) at the cervical and lumbar enlargements' level may be particularly informative in lower motor neuron disorders, e. g., spinal muscular atrophy, but also in other neurodegenerative or autoimmune diseases affecting the SC. Radially sampled averaged magnetization inversion recovery acquisition (rAMIRA) is a novel approach to perform SC imaging in clinical settings with favorable contrast and is well-suited for SC GM quantitation. However, before applying rAMIRA in clinical studies, it is important to understand (i) the sources of inter-subject variability of total SC cross-sectional areas (TCA) and GM area (GMA) measurements in healthy subjects and (ii) their relation to age and sex to facilitate the detection of pathology-associated changes. In this study, we aimed to develop normalization strategies for rAMIRA-derived SC metrics using skull and spine-based metrics to reduce anatomical variability.Methods: Sixty-one healthy subjects (age range 11–93 years, 37.7% women) were investigated with axial two-dimensional rAMIRA imaging at 3T MRI. Cervical and thoracic levels including the level of the cervical (C4/C5) and lumbar enlargements (Tmax) were examined. SC T2-weighted sagittal images and high-resolution 3D whole-brain T1-weighted images were acquired. TCA and GMAs were quantified. Anatomical variables with associations of |r| > 0.30 in univariate association with SC areas, and age and sex were used to construct normalization models using backward selection with TCAC4/C5 as outcome. The effect of the normalization was assessed by % relative standard deviation (RSD) reductions.Results: Mean inter-individual variability and the SD of the SC area metrics were considerable: TCAC4/5: 8.1%/9.0; TCATmax: 8.9%/6.5; GMAC4/C5: 8.6%/2.2; GMATmax: 12.2%/3.8. Normalization based on sex, brain WM volume, and spinal canal area resulted in RSD reductions of 23.7% for TCAs and 12.0% for GM areas at C4/C5. Normalizations based on the area of spinal canal alone resulted in RSD reductions of 10.2% for TCAs and 9.6% for GM areas at C4/C5, respectively.Discussion: Anatomic inter-individual variability of SC areas is substantial. This study identified effective normalization models for inter-subject variability reduction in TCA and SC GMA in healthy subjects based on rAMIRA imaging. |
topic |
spinal cord gray matter imaging MRI normalization inter-subject variability minors spinal muscular atrophy |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.637198/full |
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doaj-647235dcfe9a451bbcfad1593a61dd562021-03-25T06:21:42ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952021-03-011210.3389/fneur.2021.637198637198Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery AcquisitionsEva M. Kesenheimer0Eva M. Kesenheimer1Eva M. Kesenheimer2Maria Janina Wendebourg3Maria Janina Wendebourg4Maria Janina Wendebourg5Matthias Weigel6Matthias Weigel7Matthias Weigel8Claudia Weidensteiner9Claudia Weidensteiner10Tanja Haas11Laura Richter12Laura Richter13Laura Richter14Laura Sander15Laura Sander16Laura Sander17Antal Horvath18Muhamed Barakovic19Muhamed Barakovic20Philippe Cattin21Cristina Granziera22Cristina Granziera23Cristina Granziera24Oliver Bieri25Oliver Bieri26Regina Schlaeger27Regina Schlaeger28Regina Schlaeger29Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandNeurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandNeurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDivision of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDivision of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, SwitzerlandDivision of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandNeurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandNeurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, SwitzerlandTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, SwitzerlandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, SwitzerlandNeurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, SwitzerlandDivision of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, SwitzerlandNeurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandBackground: MR imaging of the spinal cord (SC) gray matter (GM) at the cervical and lumbar enlargements' level may be particularly informative in lower motor neuron disorders, e. g., spinal muscular atrophy, but also in other neurodegenerative or autoimmune diseases affecting the SC. Radially sampled averaged magnetization inversion recovery acquisition (rAMIRA) is a novel approach to perform SC imaging in clinical settings with favorable contrast and is well-suited for SC GM quantitation. However, before applying rAMIRA in clinical studies, it is important to understand (i) the sources of inter-subject variability of total SC cross-sectional areas (TCA) and GM area (GMA) measurements in healthy subjects and (ii) their relation to age and sex to facilitate the detection of pathology-associated changes. In this study, we aimed to develop normalization strategies for rAMIRA-derived SC metrics using skull and spine-based metrics to reduce anatomical variability.Methods: Sixty-one healthy subjects (age range 11–93 years, 37.7% women) were investigated with axial two-dimensional rAMIRA imaging at 3T MRI. Cervical and thoracic levels including the level of the cervical (C4/C5) and lumbar enlargements (Tmax) were examined. SC T2-weighted sagittal images and high-resolution 3D whole-brain T1-weighted images were acquired. TCA and GMAs were quantified. Anatomical variables with associations of |r| > 0.30 in univariate association with SC areas, and age and sex were used to construct normalization models using backward selection with TCAC4/C5 as outcome. The effect of the normalization was assessed by % relative standard deviation (RSD) reductions.Results: Mean inter-individual variability and the SD of the SC area metrics were considerable: TCAC4/5: 8.1%/9.0; TCATmax: 8.9%/6.5; GMAC4/C5: 8.6%/2.2; GMATmax: 12.2%/3.8. Normalization based on sex, brain WM volume, and spinal canal area resulted in RSD reductions of 23.7% for TCAs and 12.0% for GM areas at C4/C5. Normalizations based on the area of spinal canal alone resulted in RSD reductions of 10.2% for TCAs and 9.6% for GM areas at C4/C5, respectively.Discussion: Anatomic inter-individual variability of SC areas is substantial. This study identified effective normalization models for inter-subject variability reduction in TCA and SC GMA in healthy subjects based on rAMIRA imaging.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.637198/fullspinal cord gray matter imagingMRInormalizationinter-subject variabilityminorsspinal muscular atrophy |