Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable Elements
Virus-derived sequences and transposable elements constitute a substantial portion of many cellular genomes. Recent insights reveal the intimate evolutionary relationship between these sequences and various cellular immune pathways. At the most basic level, superinfection exclusion may be considered...
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doaj-651ea546cd0b4a64a1a21d0f7610d5d22020-11-25T00:20:34ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2019-01-011010.3389/fmicb.2019.00051435018Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable ElementsFelix Broecker0Karin Moelling1Karin Moelling2Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United StatesInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandMax Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, GermanyVirus-derived sequences and transposable elements constitute a substantial portion of many cellular genomes. Recent insights reveal the intimate evolutionary relationship between these sequences and various cellular immune pathways. At the most basic level, superinfection exclusion may be considered a prototypical virus-mediated immune system that has been described in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. More complex immune mechanisms fully or partially derived from mobile genetic elements include CRISPR-Cas of prokaryotes and the RAG1/2 system of vertebrates, which provide immunological memory of foreign genetic elements and generate antibody and T cell receptor diversity, respectively. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of mobile genetic elements to the evolution of cellular immune pathways. A picture is emerging in which the various cellular immune systems originate from and are spread by viruses and transposable elements. Immune systems likely evolved from simple superinfection exclusion to highly complex defense strategies.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00051/fulltransposable elementsmobile genetic elementsvirusessuperinfection exclusionimmune systemCRISPR-Cas |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Felix Broecker Karin Moelling Karin Moelling |
spellingShingle |
Felix Broecker Karin Moelling Karin Moelling Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable Elements Frontiers in Microbiology transposable elements mobile genetic elements viruses superinfection exclusion immune system CRISPR-Cas |
author_facet |
Felix Broecker Karin Moelling Karin Moelling |
author_sort |
Felix Broecker |
title |
Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable Elements |
title_short |
Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable Elements |
title_full |
Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable Elements |
title_fullStr |
Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable Elements |
title_full_unstemmed |
Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable Elements |
title_sort |
evolution of immune systems from viruses and transposable elements |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Microbiology |
issn |
1664-302X |
publishDate |
2019-01-01 |
description |
Virus-derived sequences and transposable elements constitute a substantial portion of many cellular genomes. Recent insights reveal the intimate evolutionary relationship between these sequences and various cellular immune pathways. At the most basic level, superinfection exclusion may be considered a prototypical virus-mediated immune system that has been described in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. More complex immune mechanisms fully or partially derived from mobile genetic elements include CRISPR-Cas of prokaryotes and the RAG1/2 system of vertebrates, which provide immunological memory of foreign genetic elements and generate antibody and T cell receptor diversity, respectively. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of mobile genetic elements to the evolution of cellular immune pathways. A picture is emerging in which the various cellular immune systems originate from and are spread by viruses and transposable elements. Immune systems likely evolved from simple superinfection exclusion to highly complex defense strategies. |
topic |
transposable elements mobile genetic elements viruses superinfection exclusion immune system CRISPR-Cas |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00051/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT felixbroecker evolutionofimmunesystemsfromvirusesandtransposableelements AT karinmoelling evolutionofimmunesystemsfromvirusesandtransposableelements AT karinmoelling evolutionofimmunesystemsfromvirusesandtransposableelements |
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