The role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review article
The presence of the antibodies against the main thyroid antigens, which include thyroid peroxidase (TPO) or microsomal antigen, thyroglobulin (Tg) as well as thyrotropin receptor or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSH-R), is a hallmark and symbol of the autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) as o...
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Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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doaj-69d2dee8379945db9c06091f616544072021-05-30T07:24:11ZfasTehran University of Medical SciencesTehran University Medical Journal1683-17641735-73222021-05-01793165175The role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review articleSafura Pakizehkar0Samaneh Hosseinzadeh1Majid Valizadeh2Mahdi Hedayati3 Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The Obesity Research Center (ORC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The presence of the antibodies against the main thyroid antigens, which include thyroid peroxidase (TPO) or microsomal antigen, thyroglobulin (Tg) as well as thyrotropin receptor or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSH-R), is a hallmark and symbol of the autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) as one of the most common autoimmune diseases (AD) around the world. The prevalence of the thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO antibody) and the thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg antibody) is considerably higher in patients suffering from Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimotochr('39')s thyroiditis (HT, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune hypothyroidism). While the TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs) are common in the patients suffering from GD, they are relatively rare and infrequent in HT patients. This fact may indicate that TRAbs are more specific than other antibodies. In fact, TRAbs as one of the most important autoantibodies against the different thyroid antigens, are a set of the heterogeneous group of antibodies that based on the function, fall into three categories, including TSHR-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs), TSHR-blocking antibodies (TBAbs), and the neutral antibodies (no effect on receptor). TSAbs and TBAbs result in overproduction and reduction of intracellular cAMP respectively. Therefore the induction of the relevant signaling pathways can be the cause of different clinical symptoms in the form of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism consecutively. The extra-thyroidal effects of TRAbs as the extra-thyroid GD manifestations, such as ophthalmopathy and dermopathy, often have an effect on the eyes as well as the skin with the relatively well-known immunological mechanisms of the antibodies functions. Hashimoto encephalopathy is an extra-thyroidal effects of anti-TPO that provokes the central nervous system. On the other hand, anti-TPO like anti-Tg can affect the reproductive organs of women and lead to infertility by an unknown mechanism. Moreover, the circulating antibodies against the thyroid antigens can also be detected in other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type I diabetes (T1DM) and celiac disease (CD). In this review article, the most important types of thyroid autoantibodies, their essential immunological processes in AITD as well as the main and important clinical extra-thyroidal manifestations of them have been discussed and reviewed.http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-11226-en.htmlautoantibodiesautoimmune diseasesgraves’ diseasehashimoto's thyroiditisthyroid. |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
fas |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Safura Pakizehkar Samaneh Hosseinzadeh Majid Valizadeh Mahdi Hedayati |
spellingShingle |
Safura Pakizehkar Samaneh Hosseinzadeh Majid Valizadeh Mahdi Hedayati The role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review article Tehran University Medical Journal autoantibodies autoimmune diseases graves’ disease hashimoto's thyroiditis thyroid. |
author_facet |
Safura Pakizehkar Samaneh Hosseinzadeh Majid Valizadeh Mahdi Hedayati |
author_sort |
Safura Pakizehkar |
title |
The role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review article |
title_short |
The role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review article |
title_full |
The role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review article |
title_fullStr |
The role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review article |
title_full_unstemmed |
The role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review article |
title_sort |
role-playing autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their extra-thyroidal manifestations: review article |
publisher |
Tehran University of Medical Sciences |
series |
Tehran University Medical Journal |
issn |
1683-1764 1735-7322 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
The presence of the antibodies against the main thyroid antigens, which include thyroid peroxidase (TPO) or microsomal antigen, thyroglobulin (Tg) as well as thyrotropin receptor or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSH-R), is a hallmark and symbol of the autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) as one of the most common autoimmune diseases (AD) around the world. The prevalence of the thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO antibody) and the thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg antibody) is considerably higher in patients suffering from Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimotochr('39')s thyroiditis (HT, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune hypothyroidism). While the TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs) are common in the patients suffering from GD, they are relatively rare and infrequent in HT patients. This fact may indicate that TRAbs are more specific than other antibodies. In fact, TRAbs as one of the most important autoantibodies against the different thyroid antigens, are a set of the heterogeneous group of antibodies that based on the function, fall into three categories, including TSHR-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs), TSHR-blocking antibodies (TBAbs), and the neutral antibodies (no effect on receptor). TSAbs and TBAbs result in overproduction and reduction of intracellular cAMP respectively. Therefore the induction of the relevant signaling pathways can be the cause of different clinical symptoms in the form of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism consecutively. The extra-thyroidal effects of TRAbs as the extra-thyroid GD manifestations, such as ophthalmopathy and dermopathy, often have an effect on the eyes as well as the skin with the relatively well-known immunological mechanisms of the antibodies functions. Hashimoto encephalopathy is an extra-thyroidal effects of anti-TPO that provokes the central nervous system. On the other hand, anti-TPO like anti-Tg can affect the reproductive organs of women and lead to infertility by an unknown mechanism. Moreover, the circulating antibodies against the thyroid antigens can also be detected in other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type I diabetes (T1DM) and celiac disease (CD). In this review article, the most important types of thyroid autoantibodies, their essential immunological processes in AITD as well as the main and important clinical extra-thyroidal manifestations of them have been discussed and reviewed. |
topic |
autoantibodies autoimmune diseases graves’ disease hashimoto's thyroiditis thyroid. |
url |
http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-11226-en.html |
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