Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: Prepartum depression is common among pregnant women and has not been studied much in low and middle-income countries. Evidence shows that mental illnesses are prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The study objective was to determine the magnitude of prepartum depression, risk factors,...

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Main Authors: Beatrice A. Madeghe, Wambui Kogi-Makau, Sophia Ngala, Manasi Kumar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: F1000 Research Ltd 2021-06-01
Series:F1000Research
Online Access:https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1495/v3
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spelling doaj-6a363cb077a745d4bf96d26152e3cc802021-06-21T10:26:20ZengF1000 Research LtdF1000Research2046-14022021-06-01910.12688/f1000research.27434.357589Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]Beatrice A. Madeghe0Wambui Kogi-Makau1Sophia Ngala2Manasi Kumar3Department of Food Science Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00625, KenyaDepartment of Food Science Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00625, KenyaDepartment of Food Science Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00625, KenyaDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00100, KenyaBackground: Prepartum depression is common among pregnant women and has not been studied much in low and middle-income countries. Evidence shows that mental illnesses are prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The study objective was to determine the magnitude of prepartum depression, risk factors, and real-life experiences of depression among pregnant women. Method: A mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted. It included 262 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two public health facilities in urban low-income settlement Nairobi, Kenya. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with cut-off >13 was used to classify clinical depressive illness. Further, a focus group discussion was conducted with 20 women identified with depression. Univariable analysis with Odd's Ratio was used to test associations. Variables with a p<0.05 in multivariable regression were considered significant. Result: Out of the 262 women, 33.6% were found to have clinical depression as indicated by EPDS score of >13. Women's gestational age was statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression [OR 4.27 (95% C.I. 2.08 - 8.79), p < 0.001]. Income level ≤ 5000 KES was statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression [OR 3.64 (95% C.I.1.25 -10.60), p=0.018]. Further, thematic analysis of qualitative indicated that poverty, lack of social support, domestic violence, and unfriendly health care were major contributors to prepartum depression. Conclusion: Significant numbers of pregnant women were found to experience depression. This prevalence rate indicates a high disease burden of women who live with depression, which is not diagnosed because screening of depression is not done in primary health care centers. This study calls for a need and consideration for screening for perinatal depression in primary health care facilities, mainly in resource-poor areas. Interventions targeting means of resolving conflicts in families are highly needed. Such steps would help achieve key sustainable development goals where maternal and child health remains key priority.https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1495/v3
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Beatrice A. Madeghe
Wambui Kogi-Makau
Sophia Ngala
Manasi Kumar
spellingShingle Beatrice A. Madeghe
Wambui Kogi-Makau
Sophia Ngala
Manasi Kumar
Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]
F1000Research
author_facet Beatrice A. Madeghe
Wambui Kogi-Makau
Sophia Ngala
Manasi Kumar
author_sort Beatrice A. Madeghe
title Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]
title_short Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]
title_full Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]
title_fullStr Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]
title_full_unstemmed Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]
title_sort risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement nairobi kenya: a mixed-method study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]
publisher F1000 Research Ltd
series F1000Research
issn 2046-1402
publishDate 2021-06-01
description Background: Prepartum depression is common among pregnant women and has not been studied much in low and middle-income countries. Evidence shows that mental illnesses are prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The study objective was to determine the magnitude of prepartum depression, risk factors, and real-life experiences of depression among pregnant women. Method: A mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted. It included 262 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two public health facilities in urban low-income settlement Nairobi, Kenya. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with cut-off >13 was used to classify clinical depressive illness. Further, a focus group discussion was conducted with 20 women identified with depression. Univariable analysis with Odd's Ratio was used to test associations. Variables with a p<0.05 in multivariable regression were considered significant. Result: Out of the 262 women, 33.6% were found to have clinical depression as indicated by EPDS score of >13. Women's gestational age was statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression [OR 4.27 (95% C.I. 2.08 - 8.79), p < 0.001]. Income level ≤ 5000 KES was statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression [OR 3.64 (95% C.I.1.25 -10.60), p=0.018]. Further, thematic analysis of qualitative indicated that poverty, lack of social support, domestic violence, and unfriendly health care were major contributors to prepartum depression. Conclusion: Significant numbers of pregnant women were found to experience depression. This prevalence rate indicates a high disease burden of women who live with depression, which is not diagnosed because screening of depression is not done in primary health care centers. This study calls for a need and consideration for screening for perinatal depression in primary health care facilities, mainly in resource-poor areas. Interventions targeting means of resolving conflicts in families are highly needed. Such steps would help achieve key sustainable development goals where maternal and child health remains key priority.
url https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1495/v3
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