Degradation of Multiple Peptides by Microcystin-Degrader <i>Paucibacter toxinivorans</i> (2C20)

• Main Authors: Allan A. Santos, Sylvia Soldatou, Valeria Freitas de Magalhães, Sandra M. F. O. Azevedo, Dolores Camacho-Muñoz, Linda A. Lawton, Christine Edwards
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-04-01
• Series: Toxins
• Subjects: cyanopeptides; microcystin; anabaenopeptin; aerucyclamide; bacterial degradation rate; UPLC-MS
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/4/265

Since conventional drinking water treatments applied in different countries are inefficient at eliminating potentially toxic cyanobacterial peptides, a number of bacteria have been studied as an alternative to biological filters for the removal of microcystins (MCs). Here, we evaluated the degradation of not only MCs variants (-LR/DM-LR/-RR/-LF/-YR), but also non-MCs peptides (anabaenopeptins A/B, aerucyclamides A/D) by <i>Paucibacter</i><i>toxinivorans</i> over 7 days. We also evaluated the degradation rate of MC-LR in a peptide mix, with all peptides tested, and in the presence of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> crude extract. Furthermore, biodegradation was assessed for non-cyanobacterial peptides with different chemical structures, such as cyclosporin A, (Glu1)-fibrinopeptide-B, leucine-enkephalin, and oxytocin. When cyanopeptides were individually added, <i>P. toxinivorans</i> degraded them (99%) over 7 days, except for MC-LR and -RR, which decreased by about 85 and 90%, respectively. The degradation rate of MC-LR decreased in the peptide mix compared to an individual compound, however, in the presence of the <i>Microcystis</i> extract, it was degraded considerably faster (3 days). It was noted that biodegradation rates decreased in the mix for all MCs while non-MCs peptides were immediately degraded. UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS allowed us to identify two linear biodegradation products for MC-LR and MC-YR, and one for MC-LF. Furthermore, <i>P. toxinivorans</i> demonstrated complete degradation of non-cyanobacterial peptides, with the exception of oxytocin, where around 50% remained after 7 days. Thus, although <i>P. toxinivorans</i> was previously identified as a MC-degrader, it also degrades a wide range of peptides under a range of conditions, which could be optimized as a potential biological tool for water treatment.