Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy)
In the framework of an extensive environmental investigation, promoted by the Italian Health Ministry, the ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro) and the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca), aerosol samples were collected in Taranto (one of the most industrializ...
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doaj-6bee59ffc23041f3bd0a6f854926a66b2020-11-25T02:49:27ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-04-011141941910.3390/atmos11040419Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy)Franco Lucarelli0Giulia Calzolai1Massimo Chiari2Fabio Giardi3Caroline Czelusniak4Silvia Nava5Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), ItalyIn the framework of an extensive environmental investigation, promoted by the Italian Health Ministry, the ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro) and the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca), aerosol samples were collected in Taranto (one of the most industrialized towns in southern Italy) with high time resolution and analyzed by PIXE. The samples were collected in two periods (February–March and June 2004) and in two different sites: an urban district close to the industrial area and a small town 7 km N-NW of Taranto. The use of ‘‘streaker’’ samplers (by PIXE International Corporation) allowed for the simultaneous collection of the fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5–10 μm) fractions of particulate matter. PIXE analyses were performed with a 3 MeV proton beam from the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator of the INFN-LABEC laboratory. Particulate emissions as well as their atmospheric transport and dilution processes change within a few hours, but most of the results in literature are limited to daily time resolution of the input samples that are not suitable for tracking these rapid changes. Furthermore, since source apportionment receptor models need a series of samples containing material from the same set of sources in different proportions, a higher variability between samples can be obtained by increasing the temporal resolution rather than with samples integrated over a longer time. In this study, the high time resolution of the adopted approach allowed us to follow in detail the changes in the aerosol elemental composition due to both the time evolution of the industrial emissions and the time changes in meteorological conditions, and thus, transport pathways. Moreover, the location of the sampling sites, along the prevalent wind direction and in opposite positions with respect to the industrial site, allowed us to follow the impact of the industrial plume as a function of wind direction. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis on the elemental hourly concentrations identified eight sources in the fine fraction and six sources in the coarse one.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/419industrial aerosolsPM2.5PM2.5-10source apportionmentpositive matrix factorization (PMF)hourly time resolution |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Franco Lucarelli Giulia Calzolai Massimo Chiari Fabio Giardi Caroline Czelusniak Silvia Nava |
spellingShingle |
Franco Lucarelli Giulia Calzolai Massimo Chiari Fabio Giardi Caroline Czelusniak Silvia Nava Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy) Atmosphere industrial aerosols PM2.5 PM2.5-10 source apportionment positive matrix factorization (PMF) hourly time resolution |
author_facet |
Franco Lucarelli Giulia Calzolai Massimo Chiari Fabio Giardi Caroline Czelusniak Silvia Nava |
author_sort |
Franco Lucarelli |
title |
Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy) |
title_short |
Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy) |
title_full |
Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy) |
title_fullStr |
Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy) |
title_sort |
hourly elemental composition and source identification by positive matrix factorization (pmf) of fine and coarse particulate matter in the high polluted industrial area of taranto (italy) |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Atmosphere |
issn |
2073-4433 |
publishDate |
2020-04-01 |
description |
In the framework of an extensive environmental investigation, promoted by the Italian Health Ministry, the ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro) and the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca), aerosol samples were collected in Taranto (one of the most industrialized towns in southern Italy) with high time resolution and analyzed by PIXE. The samples were collected in two periods (February–March and June 2004) and in two different sites: an urban district close to the industrial area and a small town 7 km N-NW of Taranto. The use of ‘‘streaker’’ samplers (by PIXE International Corporation) allowed for the simultaneous collection of the fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5–10 μm) fractions of particulate matter. PIXE analyses were performed with a 3 MeV proton beam from the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator of the INFN-LABEC laboratory. Particulate emissions as well as their atmospheric transport and dilution processes change within a few hours, but most of the results in literature are limited to daily time resolution of the input samples that are not suitable for tracking these rapid changes. Furthermore, since source apportionment receptor models need a series of samples containing material from the same set of sources in different proportions, a higher variability between samples can be obtained by increasing the temporal resolution rather than with samples integrated over a longer time. In this study, the high time resolution of the adopted approach allowed us to follow in detail the changes in the aerosol elemental composition due to both the time evolution of the industrial emissions and the time changes in meteorological conditions, and thus, transport pathways. Moreover, the location of the sampling sites, along the prevalent wind direction and in opposite positions with respect to the industrial site, allowed us to follow the impact of the industrial plume as a function of wind direction. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis on the elemental hourly concentrations identified eight sources in the fine fraction and six sources in the coarse one. |
topic |
industrial aerosols PM2.5 PM2.5-10 source apportionment positive matrix factorization (PMF) hourly time resolution |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/419 |
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