Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya
In sub-Saharan Africa, urban populations are projected to increase by 115% in the coming 15 years. In addition, economic growth and dietary shifts towards animal source foods have put high pressure and demand on agricultural production. The high ecological footprint of meat and dairy production, as...
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doaj-6d0d3211f330400c80abe5695b6c9fbb2020-11-24T23:56:13ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152019-03-01937910.3390/ani9030079ani9030079Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in KenyaMarwa Shumo0Fathiya M. Khamis1Chrysantus M. Tanga2Komi K. M. Fiaboe3Sevgan Subramanian4Sunday Ekesi5Arnold van Huis6Christian Borgemeister7Center for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, 53113 Bonn, GermanyInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe</i>), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, KenyaInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe</i>), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, KenyaInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe</i>), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, KenyaInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe</i>), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, KenyaInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe</i>), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, KenyaDepartment of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The NetherlandsCenter for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, 53113 Bonn, GermanyIn sub-Saharan Africa, urban populations are projected to increase by 115% in the coming 15 years. In addition, economic growth and dietary shifts towards animal source foods have put high pressure and demand on agricultural production. The high ecological footprint of meat and dairy production, as well as high feed costs, prevent the livestock sector from meeting the increasing demand in a sustainable manner. Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) have been identified as potential alternatives to the conventionally used protein sources in livestock feed due to their rich nutrient content and the fact that they can be reared on organic side streams. Substrates derived from organic byproducts are suitable for industrial large-scale production of insect meal. Although efficient in waste management and in feed production, BSF larvae are very sensitive to the external environment such as temperature and rearing medium. Therefore, we studied the effect of temperature and substrate type, i.e., brewers’ spent grain (SG) and cow dung (CD), on the development and survival of BSF larvae. Both organic substrates were readily available in Nairobi, Kenya, the location of the experiments. In our experiment, 100 3–5-day-old BSF larvae were placed into containers that contained either SG or CD and further treated at temperatures of 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. The duration of larval development was recorded, and the prepupae were removed, weighed, and placed individually in separate, labeled, 35-mL plastic cups filled with moist sawdust. After emergence, 10 2-day-old adults (5 males and 5 females) from every replica per substrate were transferred into a cage (40 × 40 × 40 cm) and allowed to mate for 24 h at their respective temperatures. The laid egg batches were collected and counted, and the adult flies’ longevity was recorded. The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure. BSF larvae reared on SG developed faster than those reared on CD; the former also favored higher temperatures for their larval development and emergence into adults. The optimum range was 25–30 °C. With increasing temperatures, the longevity of adult BSF decreased, while the fecundity of females increased. Thus, it is possible to take advantage of the readily available SG waste streams in the urban environments of Kenya to produce BSF larvae-derived livestock feed within a short duration of time and at relatively high temperatures.http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/3/79organic waste bioconversionblack soldier fly (BSF)rearing temperaturedevelopmentgrowthlongevityfecundity |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Marwa Shumo Fathiya M. Khamis Chrysantus M. Tanga Komi K. M. Fiaboe Sevgan Subramanian Sunday Ekesi Arnold van Huis Christian Borgemeister |
spellingShingle |
Marwa Shumo Fathiya M. Khamis Chrysantus M. Tanga Komi K. M. Fiaboe Sevgan Subramanian Sunday Ekesi Arnold van Huis Christian Borgemeister Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya Animals organic waste bioconversion black soldier fly (BSF) rearing temperature development growth longevity fecundity |
author_facet |
Marwa Shumo Fathiya M. Khamis Chrysantus M. Tanga Komi K. M. Fiaboe Sevgan Subramanian Sunday Ekesi Arnold van Huis Christian Borgemeister |
author_sort |
Marwa Shumo |
title |
Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya |
title_short |
Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya |
title_full |
Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya |
title_fullStr |
Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya |
title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya |
title_sort |
influence of temperature on selected life-history traits of black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) reared on two common urban organic waste streams in kenya |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Animals |
issn |
2076-2615 |
publishDate |
2019-03-01 |
description |
In sub-Saharan Africa, urban populations are projected to increase by 115% in the coming 15 years. In addition, economic growth and dietary shifts towards animal source foods have put high pressure and demand on agricultural production. The high ecological footprint of meat and dairy production, as well as high feed costs, prevent the livestock sector from meeting the increasing demand in a sustainable manner. Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) have been identified as potential alternatives to the conventionally used protein sources in livestock feed due to their rich nutrient content and the fact that they can be reared on organic side streams. Substrates derived from organic byproducts are suitable for industrial large-scale production of insect meal. Although efficient in waste management and in feed production, BSF larvae are very sensitive to the external environment such as temperature and rearing medium. Therefore, we studied the effect of temperature and substrate type, i.e., brewers’ spent grain (SG) and cow dung (CD), on the development and survival of BSF larvae. Both organic substrates were readily available in Nairobi, Kenya, the location of the experiments. In our experiment, 100 3–5-day-old BSF larvae were placed into containers that contained either SG or CD and further treated at temperatures of 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. The duration of larval development was recorded, and the prepupae were removed, weighed, and placed individually in separate, labeled, 35-mL plastic cups filled with moist sawdust. After emergence, 10 2-day-old adults (5 males and 5 females) from every replica per substrate were transferred into a cage (40 × 40 × 40 cm) and allowed to mate for 24 h at their respective temperatures. The laid egg batches were collected and counted, and the adult flies’ longevity was recorded. The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure. BSF larvae reared on SG developed faster than those reared on CD; the former also favored higher temperatures for their larval development and emergence into adults. The optimum range was 25–30 °C. With increasing temperatures, the longevity of adult BSF decreased, while the fecundity of females increased. Thus, it is possible to take advantage of the readily available SG waste streams in the urban environments of Kenya to produce BSF larvae-derived livestock feed within a short duration of time and at relatively high temperatures. |
topic |
organic waste bioconversion black soldier fly (BSF) rearing temperature development growth longevity fecundity |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/3/79 |
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