Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon
Abstract Background Malaria remains an important public health problem in Peru where incidence has been increasing since 2011. Of over 55,000 cases reported in 2017, Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76%), with P. falciparum responsible for the remaining 24%. Nyssorhynchus darlingi (prev...
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2019-07-01
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Series: | Parasites & Vectors |
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Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-019-3619-0 |
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record_format |
Article |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Marlon P. Saavedra Jan E. Conn Freddy Alava Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar Catharine Prussing Sara A. Bickersmith Jorge L. Sangama Carlos Fernandez-Miñope Mitchel Guzman Carlos Tong Carlos Valderrama Joseph M. Vinetz Dionicia Gamboa Marta Moreno |
spellingShingle |
Marlon P. Saavedra Jan E. Conn Freddy Alava Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar Catharine Prussing Sara A. Bickersmith Jorge L. Sangama Carlos Fernandez-Miñope Mitchel Guzman Carlos Tong Carlos Valderrama Joseph M. Vinetz Dionicia Gamboa Marta Moreno Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon Parasites & Vectors Nyssorhynchus darlingi Blood meal source Plasmodium Entomological inoculation rate Human blood index GLMM |
author_facet |
Marlon P. Saavedra Jan E. Conn Freddy Alava Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar Catharine Prussing Sara A. Bickersmith Jorge L. Sangama Carlos Fernandez-Miñope Mitchel Guzman Carlos Tong Carlos Valderrama Joseph M. Vinetz Dionicia Gamboa Marta Moreno |
author_sort |
Marlon P. Saavedra |
title |
Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon |
title_short |
Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon |
title_full |
Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon |
title_fullStr |
Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon |
title_full_unstemmed |
Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon |
title_sort |
higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the peruvian amazon |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
Parasites & Vectors |
issn |
1756-3305 |
publishDate |
2019-07-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Malaria remains an important public health problem in Peru where incidence has been increasing since 2011. Of over 55,000 cases reported in 2017, Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76%), with P. falciparum responsible for the remaining 24%. Nyssorhynchus darlingi (previously Anopheles darlingi) is the main vector in Amazonian Peru, where hyperendemic Plasmodium transmission pockets have been found. Mazán district has pronounced spatial heterogeneity of P. vivax malaria. However, little is known about behavior, ecology or seasonal dynamics of Ny. darlingi in Mazán. This study aimed to gather baseline information about bionomics of malaria vectors and transmission risk factors in a hyperendemic malaria area of Amazonian Peru. Methods To assess vector biology metrics, five surveys (two in the dry and three in the rainy season), including collection of sociodemographic information, were conducted in four communities in 2016–2017 on the Napo (Urco Miraño, URC; Salvador, SAL) and Mazán Rivers (Visto Bueno, VIB; Libertad, LIB). Human-biting rate (HBR), entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and human blood index (HBI) were measured to test the hypothesis of differences in entomological indices of Ny. darlingi between watersheds. A generalized linear mixed effect model (GLMM) was constructed to model the relationship between household risk factors and the EIR. Results Nyssorhynchus darlingi comprised 95% of 7117 Anophelinae collected and its abundance was significantly higher along the Mazán River. The highest EIRs (3.03–4.54) were detected in March and June in URC, LIB and VIB, and significantly more Ny. darlingi were infected outdoors than indoors. Multivariate analysis indicated that the EIR was >12 times higher in URC compared with SAL. The HBI ranged from 0.42–0.75; humans were the most common blood source, followed by Galliformes and cows. There were dramatic differences in peak biting time and malaria incidence with similar bednet coverage in the villages. Conclusions Nyssorhynchus darlingi is the predominant contributor to malaria transmission in the Mazán District, Peru. Malaria risk in these villages is higher in the peridomestic area, with pronounced heterogeneities between and within villages on the Mazán and the Napo Rivers. Spatiotemporal identification and quantification of the prevailing malaria transmission would provide new evidence to orient specific control measures for vulnerable or at high risk populations. |
topic |
Nyssorhynchus darlingi Blood meal source Plasmodium Entomological inoculation rate Human blood index GLMM |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-019-3619-0 |
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doaj-6e7efe29ec904dae9e72c57e34e71d602020-11-25T03:44:00ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052019-07-0112111510.1186/s13071-019-3619-0Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian AmazonMarlon P. Saavedra0Jan E. Conn1Freddy Alava2Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar3Catharine Prussing4Sara A. Bickersmith5Jorge L. Sangama6Carlos Fernandez-Miñope7Mitchel Guzman8Carlos Tong9Carlos Valderrama10Joseph M. Vinetz11Dionicia Gamboa12Marta Moreno13Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-AlbanyMinistry of HealthLaboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-AlbanyWadsworth Center, New York State Department of HealthLaboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLaboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLaboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLaboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaMinistry of HealthLaboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLaboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San DiegoAbstract Background Malaria remains an important public health problem in Peru where incidence has been increasing since 2011. Of over 55,000 cases reported in 2017, Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76%), with P. falciparum responsible for the remaining 24%. Nyssorhynchus darlingi (previously Anopheles darlingi) is the main vector in Amazonian Peru, where hyperendemic Plasmodium transmission pockets have been found. Mazán district has pronounced spatial heterogeneity of P. vivax malaria. However, little is known about behavior, ecology or seasonal dynamics of Ny. darlingi in Mazán. This study aimed to gather baseline information about bionomics of malaria vectors and transmission risk factors in a hyperendemic malaria area of Amazonian Peru. Methods To assess vector biology metrics, five surveys (two in the dry and three in the rainy season), including collection of sociodemographic information, were conducted in four communities in 2016–2017 on the Napo (Urco Miraño, URC; Salvador, SAL) and Mazán Rivers (Visto Bueno, VIB; Libertad, LIB). Human-biting rate (HBR), entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and human blood index (HBI) were measured to test the hypothesis of differences in entomological indices of Ny. darlingi between watersheds. A generalized linear mixed effect model (GLMM) was constructed to model the relationship between household risk factors and the EIR. Results Nyssorhynchus darlingi comprised 95% of 7117 Anophelinae collected and its abundance was significantly higher along the Mazán River. The highest EIRs (3.03–4.54) were detected in March and June in URC, LIB and VIB, and significantly more Ny. darlingi were infected outdoors than indoors. Multivariate analysis indicated that the EIR was >12 times higher in URC compared with SAL. The HBI ranged from 0.42–0.75; humans were the most common blood source, followed by Galliformes and cows. There were dramatic differences in peak biting time and malaria incidence with similar bednet coverage in the villages. Conclusions Nyssorhynchus darlingi is the predominant contributor to malaria transmission in the Mazán District, Peru. Malaria risk in these villages is higher in the peridomestic area, with pronounced heterogeneities between and within villages on the Mazán and the Napo Rivers. Spatiotemporal identification and quantification of the prevailing malaria transmission would provide new evidence to orient specific control measures for vulnerable or at high risk populations.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-019-3619-0Nyssorhynchus darlingiBlood meal sourcePlasmodiumEntomological inoculation rateHuman blood indexGLMM |