Impact of Surface Chemistry and Doping Concentrations on Biofunctionalization of GaN/Ga‒In‒N Quantum Wells
The development of sensitive biosensors, such as gallium nitride (GaN)-based quantum wells, transistors, etc., often makes it necessary to functionalize GaN surfaces with small molecules or even biomolecules, such as proteins. As a first step in surface functionalization, we have investigated silane...
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doaj-6ea564eb58eb47e6b2886558f57b1f182020-11-25T01:28:18ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-07-01204179417910.3390/s20154179Impact of Surface Chemistry and Doping Concentrations on Biofunctionalization of GaN/Ga‒In‒N Quantum WellsNilanjon Naskar0Martin F. Schneidereit1Florian Huber2Sabyasachi Chakrabortty3Lothar Veith4Markus Mezger5Lutz Kirste6Theo Fuchs7Thomas Diemant8Tanja Weil9R. Jürgen Behm10Klaus Thonke11Ferdinand Scholz12Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Functional Nanosystems, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Quantum Matter/Semiconductor Physics Group, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastrasse 72, D-79108 Freiburg, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastrasse 72, D-79108 Freiburg, GermanyInstitute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Quantum Matter/Semiconductor Physics Group, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Functional Nanosystems, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, D-89081 Ulm, GermanyThe development of sensitive biosensors, such as gallium nitride (GaN)-based quantum wells, transistors, etc., often makes it necessary to functionalize GaN surfaces with small molecules or even biomolecules, such as proteins. As a first step in surface functionalization, we have investigated silane adsorption, as well as the formation of very thin silane layers. In the next step, the immobilization of the tetrameric protein streptavidin (as well as the attachment of chemically modified iron transport protein ferritin (ferritin-biotin-rhodamine complex)) was realized on these films. The degree of functionalization of the GaN surfaces was determined by fluorescence measurements with fluorescent-labeled proteins; silane film thickness and surface roughness were estimated, and also other surface sensitive techniques were applied. The formation of a monolayer consisting of adsorbed organosilanes was accomplished on Mg-doped GaN surfaces, and also functionalization with proteins was achieved. We found that very high Mg doping reduced the amount of surface functionalized proteins. Most likely, this finding was a consequence of the lower concentration of ionizable Mg atoms in highly Mg-doped layers as a consequence of self-compensation effects. In summary, we could demonstrate the necessity of Mg doping for achieving reasonable bio-functionalization of GaN surfaces.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4179n-type GaNp-type GaNbiosensorchemical functionalizationprotein adsorptionself-assembled monolayer |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Nilanjon Naskar Martin F. Schneidereit Florian Huber Sabyasachi Chakrabortty Lothar Veith Markus Mezger Lutz Kirste Theo Fuchs Thomas Diemant Tanja Weil R. Jürgen Behm Klaus Thonke Ferdinand Scholz |
spellingShingle |
Nilanjon Naskar Martin F. Schneidereit Florian Huber Sabyasachi Chakrabortty Lothar Veith Markus Mezger Lutz Kirste Theo Fuchs Thomas Diemant Tanja Weil R. Jürgen Behm Klaus Thonke Ferdinand Scholz Impact of Surface Chemistry and Doping Concentrations on Biofunctionalization of GaN/Ga‒In‒N Quantum Wells Sensors n-type GaN p-type GaN biosensor chemical functionalization protein adsorption self-assembled monolayer |
author_facet |
Nilanjon Naskar Martin F. Schneidereit Florian Huber Sabyasachi Chakrabortty Lothar Veith Markus Mezger Lutz Kirste Theo Fuchs Thomas Diemant Tanja Weil R. Jürgen Behm Klaus Thonke Ferdinand Scholz |
author_sort |
Nilanjon Naskar |
title |
Impact of Surface Chemistry and Doping Concentrations on Biofunctionalization of GaN/Ga‒In‒N Quantum Wells |
title_short |
Impact of Surface Chemistry and Doping Concentrations on Biofunctionalization of GaN/Ga‒In‒N Quantum Wells |
title_full |
Impact of Surface Chemistry and Doping Concentrations on Biofunctionalization of GaN/Ga‒In‒N Quantum Wells |
title_fullStr |
Impact of Surface Chemistry and Doping Concentrations on Biofunctionalization of GaN/Ga‒In‒N Quantum Wells |
title_full_unstemmed |
Impact of Surface Chemistry and Doping Concentrations on Biofunctionalization of GaN/Ga‒In‒N Quantum Wells |
title_sort |
impact of surface chemistry and doping concentrations on biofunctionalization of gan/ga‒in‒n quantum wells |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Sensors |
issn |
1424-8220 |
publishDate |
2020-07-01 |
description |
The development of sensitive biosensors, such as gallium nitride (GaN)-based quantum wells, transistors, etc., often makes it necessary to functionalize GaN surfaces with small molecules or even biomolecules, such as proteins. As a first step in surface functionalization, we have investigated silane adsorption, as well as the formation of very thin silane layers. In the next step, the immobilization of the tetrameric protein streptavidin (as well as the attachment of chemically modified iron transport protein ferritin (ferritin-biotin-rhodamine complex)) was realized on these films. The degree of functionalization of the GaN surfaces was determined by fluorescence measurements with fluorescent-labeled proteins; silane film thickness and surface roughness were estimated, and also other surface sensitive techniques were applied. The formation of a monolayer consisting of adsorbed organosilanes was accomplished on Mg-doped GaN surfaces, and also functionalization with proteins was achieved. We found that very high Mg doping reduced the amount of surface functionalized proteins. Most likely, this finding was a consequence of the lower concentration of ionizable Mg atoms in highly Mg-doped layers as a consequence of self-compensation effects. In summary, we could demonstrate the necessity of Mg doping for achieving reasonable bio-functionalization of GaN surfaces. |
topic |
n-type GaN p-type GaN biosensor chemical functionalization protein adsorption self-assembled monolayer |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4179 |
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