High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada
Abstract Background Species of Trichinella are globally important foodborne parasites infecting a number of domestic and wild vertebrates, including humans. Free-ranging carnivores can act as sentinel species for detection of Trichinella spp. Knowledge of the epidemiology of these parasites may help...
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doaj-6ecb734bf6604f9c923af4f1f4e73e822021-03-11T11:29:28ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052021-03-011411910.1186/s13071-021-04636-2High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, CanadaRajnish Sharma0N. Jane Harms1Piia M. Kukka2Thomas S. Jung3Sarah E. Parker4Sasha Ross5Peter Thompson6Benjamin Rosenthal7Eric P. Hoberg8Emily J. Jenkins9Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of SaskatchewanDepartment of Environment, Government of YukonDepartment of Environment, Government of YukonDepartment of Environment, Government of YukonCentre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of SaskatchewanDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of SaskatchewanUSDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research CenterUSDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research CenterMuseum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New MexicoDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of SaskatchewanAbstract Background Species of Trichinella are globally important foodborne parasites infecting a number of domestic and wild vertebrates, including humans. Free-ranging carnivores can act as sentinel species for detection of Trichinella spp. Knowledge of the epidemiology of these parasites may help prevent Trichinella spp. infections in northern Canadian animals and people. Previous research on Trichinella spp. in wildlife from Yukon did not identify risk factors associated with infection, or the diversity and identity of species of Trichinella in regional circulation, based on geographically extensive sampling with large sample sizes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence, infection intensity, risk factors, and species or genotypes of Trichinella in wolverine (Gulo gulo) in two regions of Yukon, Canada, from 2013–2017. A double separatory funnel digestion method followed by mutiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP were used to recover and identify species of Trichinella, respectively. Results We found larvae of Trichinella in the tongues of 78% (95% CI 73–82) of 338 wolverine sampled. The odds of adult (≥ 2 years) and yearling (1 year) wolverine being Trichinella spp.-positive were four and two times higher, respectively, compared to juveniles (<1 year). The odds of Trichinella spp. presence were three times higher in wolverine from southeast than northwest Yukon. The mean intensity of infection was 22.6 ± 39 (SD, range 0.1–295) larvae per gram. Trichinella T6 was the predominant genotype (76%), followed by T. nativa (8%); mixed infections with Trichinella T6 and T. nativa (12%) were observed. In addition, T. spiralis was detected in one wolverine. Out of 22 isolates initially identified as T. nativa in multiplex PCR, 14 were analyzed by PCR-RFLP to distinguish them from T. chanchalensis, a recently discovered cryptic species, which cannot be distinguished from the T. nativa on multiplex PCR. Ten isolates were identified either as T. chanchalensis alone (n = 7), or mixed infection with T. chanchalensis and T. nativa (n = 2) or T. chanchalensis and Trichinella T6 (n = 1)]. Conclusions Wolverine hosted high prevalence, high larval intensity, and multiple species of Trichinella, likely due to their scavenging habits, apex position in the food chain, and wide home range. Wolverine (especially adult males) should be considered as a sentinel species for surveys for Trichinella spp. across their distributional range.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04636-2Trichinella spp.WolverineCanadaPrevalenceT. nativaTrichinella T6 |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Rajnish Sharma N. Jane Harms Piia M. Kukka Thomas S. Jung Sarah E. Parker Sasha Ross Peter Thompson Benjamin Rosenthal Eric P. Hoberg Emily J. Jenkins |
spellingShingle |
Rajnish Sharma N. Jane Harms Piia M. Kukka Thomas S. Jung Sarah E. Parker Sasha Ross Peter Thompson Benjamin Rosenthal Eric P. Hoberg Emily J. Jenkins High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada Parasites & Vectors Trichinella spp. Wolverine Canada Prevalence T. nativa Trichinella T6 |
author_facet |
Rajnish Sharma N. Jane Harms Piia M. Kukka Thomas S. Jung Sarah E. Parker Sasha Ross Peter Thompson Benjamin Rosenthal Eric P. Hoberg Emily J. Jenkins |
author_sort |
Rajnish Sharma |
title |
High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada |
title_short |
High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada |
title_full |
High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada |
title_fullStr |
High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada |
title_full_unstemmed |
High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada |
title_sort |
high prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of trichinella spp. in wolverine (gulo gulo) from yukon, canada |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
Parasites & Vectors |
issn |
1756-3305 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Species of Trichinella are globally important foodborne parasites infecting a number of domestic and wild vertebrates, including humans. Free-ranging carnivores can act as sentinel species for detection of Trichinella spp. Knowledge of the epidemiology of these parasites may help prevent Trichinella spp. infections in northern Canadian animals and people. Previous research on Trichinella spp. in wildlife from Yukon did not identify risk factors associated with infection, or the diversity and identity of species of Trichinella in regional circulation, based on geographically extensive sampling with large sample sizes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence, infection intensity, risk factors, and species or genotypes of Trichinella in wolverine (Gulo gulo) in two regions of Yukon, Canada, from 2013–2017. A double separatory funnel digestion method followed by mutiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP were used to recover and identify species of Trichinella, respectively. Results We found larvae of Trichinella in the tongues of 78% (95% CI 73–82) of 338 wolverine sampled. The odds of adult (≥ 2 years) and yearling (1 year) wolverine being Trichinella spp.-positive were four and two times higher, respectively, compared to juveniles (<1 year). The odds of Trichinella spp. presence were three times higher in wolverine from southeast than northwest Yukon. The mean intensity of infection was 22.6 ± 39 (SD, range 0.1–295) larvae per gram. Trichinella T6 was the predominant genotype (76%), followed by T. nativa (8%); mixed infections with Trichinella T6 and T. nativa (12%) were observed. In addition, T. spiralis was detected in one wolverine. Out of 22 isolates initially identified as T. nativa in multiplex PCR, 14 were analyzed by PCR-RFLP to distinguish them from T. chanchalensis, a recently discovered cryptic species, which cannot be distinguished from the T. nativa on multiplex PCR. Ten isolates were identified either as T. chanchalensis alone (n = 7), or mixed infection with T. chanchalensis and T. nativa (n = 2) or T. chanchalensis and Trichinella T6 (n = 1)]. Conclusions Wolverine hosted high prevalence, high larval intensity, and multiple species of Trichinella, likely due to their scavenging habits, apex position in the food chain, and wide home range. Wolverine (especially adult males) should be considered as a sentinel species for surveys for Trichinella spp. across their distributional range. |
topic |
Trichinella spp. Wolverine Canada Prevalence T. nativa Trichinella T6 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04636-2 |
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