Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial
Background: Uncemented implants are still associated with several major challenges, especially with regard to their manufacturing and their osseointegration. In this study, a novel manufacturing technique—an optimized form of precision casting—and a novel surface modification to promote osseointegra...
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doaj-70890ca99f2f42d0a0fe0130620e410d2020-11-25T02:28:55ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442020-04-01131670167010.3390/ma13071670Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal TrialWölfle-Roos JV0Katmer Amet B1Fiedler J2Michels H3Kappelt G4Ignatius A5Dürselen L6Reichel H7Brenner RE8Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, GermanyAccess e.V., 52072 Aachen, GermanyPeter Brehm GmbH, 91085 Weisendorf, GermanyInstitute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, GermanyInstitute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, GermanyBackground: Uncemented implants are still associated with several major challenges, especially with regard to their manufacturing and their osseointegration. In this study, a novel manufacturing technique—an optimized form of precision casting—and a novel surface modification to promote osseointegration—calcium and phosphorus ion implantation into the implant surface—were tested in vivo. Methods: Cylindrical Ti6Al4V implants were inserted bilaterally into the tibia of 110 rats. We compared two generations of cast Ti6Al4V implants (CAST 1st GEN, n = 22, and CAST 2nd GEN, n = 22) as well as cast 2nd GEN Ti6Al4V implants with calcium (CAST + CA, n = 22) and phosphorus (CAST + P, n = 22) ion implantation to standard machined Ti6Al4V implants (control, n = 22). After 4 and 12 weeks, maximal pull-out force and bone-to-implant contact rate (BIC) were measured and compared between all five groups. Results: There was no significant difference between all five groups after 4 weeks or 12 weeks with regard to pull-out force (<i>p</i> > 0.05, Kruskal Wallis test). Histomorphometric analysis showed no significant difference of BIC after 4 weeks (<i>p</i> > 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test), whereas there was a trend towards a higher BIC in the CAST + P group (54.8% ± 15.2%), especially compared to the control group (38.6% ± 12.8%) after 12 weeks (<i>p</i> = 0.053, Kruskal–Wallis test). Conclusion: In this study, we found no indication of inferiority of Ti6Al4V implants cast with the optimized centrifugal precision casting technique of the second generation compared to standard Ti6Al4V implants. As the employed manufacturing process holds considerable economic potential, mainly due to a significantly decreased material demand per implant by casting near net-shape instead of milling away most of the starting ingot, its application in manufacturing uncemented implants seems promising. However, no significant advantages of calcium or phosphorus ion implantation could be observed in this study. Due to the promising results of ion implantation in previous in vitro and in vivo studies, further in vivo studies with different ion implantation conditions should be considered.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/7/1670ion implantationprecision castingTi6Al4Vcalciumphosphoruscentrifugal casting |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Wölfle-Roos JV Katmer Amet B Fiedler J Michels H Kappelt G Ignatius A Dürselen L Reichel H Brenner RE |
spellingShingle |
Wölfle-Roos JV Katmer Amet B Fiedler J Michels H Kappelt G Ignatius A Dürselen L Reichel H Brenner RE Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial Materials ion implantation precision casting Ti6Al4V calcium phosphorus centrifugal casting |
author_facet |
Wölfle-Roos JV Katmer Amet B Fiedler J Michels H Kappelt G Ignatius A Dürselen L Reichel H Brenner RE |
author_sort |
Wölfle-Roos JV |
title |
Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial |
title_short |
Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial |
title_full |
Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial |
title_fullStr |
Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial |
title_full_unstemmed |
Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial |
title_sort |
optimizing manufacturing and osseointegration of ti6al4v implants through precision casting and calcium and phosphorus ion implantation? in vivo results of a large-scale animal trial |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Materials |
issn |
1996-1944 |
publishDate |
2020-04-01 |
description |
Background: Uncemented implants are still associated with several major challenges, especially with regard to their manufacturing and their osseointegration. In this study, a novel manufacturing technique—an optimized form of precision casting—and a novel surface modification to promote osseointegration—calcium and phosphorus ion implantation into the implant surface—were tested in vivo. Methods: Cylindrical Ti6Al4V implants were inserted bilaterally into the tibia of 110 rats. We compared two generations of cast Ti6Al4V implants (CAST 1st GEN, n = 22, and CAST 2nd GEN, n = 22) as well as cast 2nd GEN Ti6Al4V implants with calcium (CAST + CA, n = 22) and phosphorus (CAST + P, n = 22) ion implantation to standard machined Ti6Al4V implants (control, n = 22). After 4 and 12 weeks, maximal pull-out force and bone-to-implant contact rate (BIC) were measured and compared between all five groups. Results: There was no significant difference between all five groups after 4 weeks or 12 weeks with regard to pull-out force (<i>p</i> > 0.05, Kruskal Wallis test). Histomorphometric analysis showed no significant difference of BIC after 4 weeks (<i>p</i> > 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test), whereas there was a trend towards a higher BIC in the CAST + P group (54.8% ± 15.2%), especially compared to the control group (38.6% ± 12.8%) after 12 weeks (<i>p</i> = 0.053, Kruskal–Wallis test). Conclusion: In this study, we found no indication of inferiority of Ti6Al4V implants cast with the optimized centrifugal precision casting technique of the second generation compared to standard Ti6Al4V implants. As the employed manufacturing process holds considerable economic potential, mainly due to a significantly decreased material demand per implant by casting near net-shape instead of milling away most of the starting ingot, its application in manufacturing uncemented implants seems promising. However, no significant advantages of calcium or phosphorus ion implantation could be observed in this study. Due to the promising results of ion implantation in previous in vitro and in vivo studies, further in vivo studies with different ion implantation conditions should be considered. |
topic |
ion implantation precision casting Ti6Al4V calcium phosphorus centrifugal casting |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/7/1670 |
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